Gender Disparities In Africa S Labor Market

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Gender Disparities In Africa S Labor Market

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Author : Jorge Saba Arbache
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2010-08-05

Gender Disparities In Africa S Labor Market written by Jorge Saba Arbache and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-08-05 with Social Science categories.

Women's earnings are a fraction of male's earnings in several African countries. It is tempting to conclude that this wage gap is a sign of discrimination against women in the labor market. Yet this book uses new datasets to show that the gap is not simply the result of discrimination in the labor markets, but rather the result of multiple factors, including access to education and credit, cultural values and household duties, and, above all, labor market conditions. It shows that gender disparities grow when economies are not functioning well and labor markets are tiny. More than the effect of discrimination, it seems that job rationing causes those with better human capital and those with more power in the household usually the men to take the few jobs that are available. It is hardly surprising, then, that in a region where only a fraction of the labor force finds jobs in the formal sector, gender disparities in earnings are so high. The book further documents that firm-level and sector characteristics are additional powerful factors in explaining the gender disparities in the labor market. As the causes are not simple, neither are the solutions; multifaceted strategies are needed. By providing environments that support economic growth and, more importantly, job creation, as well as by promoting equal access for women to education and rethinking the attitudes that limit what women may achieve, governments in the region will substantially improve the well-being of all their peoples. 'Gender Disparities in Africa's Labor Market' helps to fill the knowledge gap and identify the links between gender disparities and poverty reduction. The work was implemented in collaboration with a range of poverty and labor market studies to maximize its usefulness for policy dialogue in specific countries. This book will be of interest to policy makers, students, academics, gender experts, and all those interested in gender issues and development.

Women S Opportunities And Challenges In Sub Saharan African Job Markets

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Author : Ms.Christine Dieterich
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2016-09-23

Women S Opportunities And Challenges In Sub Saharan African Job Markets written by Ms.Christine Dieterich and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-23 with Business & Economics categories.

As labor market data is scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this paper uses household survey data to analyze the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market and its welfare implications for five SSA countries in multinomial logit models with propensity score matching method. The analysis confirms that education opens up opportunities for women to escape agricultural feminization and engage in formal wage employment, but these opportunities diminish when women marry—a disadvantage increasingly relevant when countries develop and urbanization progresses. Opening a household enterprise offers women an alternative avenue to escape low-paid jobs in agriculture, but the increase in per capita income is lower than male-owned household enterprises. These findings underline that improving women’s education needs to be supported by measures to allow married women to keep their jobs in the wage sector.

Gender Analysis Of Labour Market Outcomes In Sub Saharan Africa

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Author : United Nations Women
language : en
Publisher: United Nations
Release Date : 2017-07-31

Gender Analysis Of Labour Market Outcomes In Sub Saharan Africa written by United Nations Women and has been published by United Nations this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-31 with Political Science categories.

Using micro data from two recent labour force surveys collected in Cameroon and Mali, this paper explores gender differentials in labour market outcomes covering key areas such as occupational segregation, informality, part-time work and gender wage gaps. While women’s participation to the labour market is relatively high in Africa compared to other regions of the world, the examples of Cameroon and Mali suggest it varies significantly within the continent. The data also show that the differential between the two countries in terms of women’s participation is driven by the differential in education levels. The analysis also reveals that noticeable gender differences can be observed in the employment patterns: while men are more likely to be salaried workers, women are more often unpaid family workers. However, in both countries, informal employment is the norm for both sexes. Gender gaps in monthly earnings are found to be much bigger for self-employed than for wage workers, a result that is consistent with other studies. Although education of both women and men is likely to play an important role, social norms in general deserve to be studied more thoroughly in order to understand remaining differences and their evolution in a context of rising education levels.

Effects Of Covid 19 On Regional And Gender Equality In Sub Saharan Africa Evidence From Nigeria And Ethiopia

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Author : Ms. Chie Aoyagi
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2021-06-18

Effects Of Covid 19 On Regional And Gender Equality In Sub Saharan Africa Evidence From Nigeria And Ethiopia written by Ms. Chie Aoyagi and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-18 with Business & Economics categories.

The labor structure in sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by a high share of informal employment in the rural agricultural sector. The impact of COVID-19 on female employment may not appear to be large as the share of such employment is particularly high among women. Nevertheless, widespread income reduction was observed both in rural and urban households. This could worsen the opportunities for women as husbands’ control over the household resource is the norm. The paper also finds that rural children struggled to continue learning during school closures. Gender-sensitive policies are needed to narrow the gap during and post-pandemic.

Women And Sustainable Human Development

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Author : Maty Konte
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-06-29

Women And Sustainable Human Development written by Maty Konte and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-29 with Social Science categories.

This book adds significantly to the discourse surrounding the progress made in empowering women in Africa over the last decade, providing strong research evidence on diverse and timely gender issues in varied African countries. Topics covered include climate change and environmental degradation, agriculture and land rights, access to – and quality of – education, maternal and reproductive health, unpaid care and women’s labor market participation, financial inclusion and women’s political participation. Cross cutting issues such as migration, masculinities and social norms are also addressed in this volume, which is aimed at policy makers, academics, and indeed anyone else interested in the UN Sustainable Development Goal of the empowerment of women and girls.

Inequality Gender Gaps And Economic Growth

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Author : Ms.Dalia S Hakura
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2016-09-23

Inequality Gender Gaps And Economic Growth written by Ms.Dalia S Hakura and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-23 with Business & Economics categories.

A growing body of empirical evidence suggests that inequality—income or gender related—can impede economic growth. Using dynamic panel regressions and new time series data, this paper finds that both income and gender inequalities, including from legal gender-based restrictions, are jointly negatively associated with per capita GDP growth. Examining the relationship for countries at different stages of development, we find that this effect prevails mainly in lower income countries. In particular, per capita income growth in sub-Saharan Africa could be higher by as much as 0.9 percentage points on average if inequality was reduced to the levels observed in the fastgrowing emerging Asian countries. High levels of income inequality in sub-Saharan Africa appear partly driven by structural features. However, the paper’s findings show that policies that influence the opportunities of low-income households and women to participate in economic activities also matter and, therefore, if well-designed and targeted, could play a role in alleviating inequalities.

Informality And Gender Gaps Going Hand In Hand

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Author : Vivian Malta
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2019-05-23

Informality And Gender Gaps Going Hand In Hand written by Vivian Malta and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-23 with Social Science categories.

In sub-Saharan Africa women work relatively more in the informal sector than men. Many factors could explain this difference, including women’s lower education levels, legal barriers, social norms and demographic characteristics. Cross-country comparisons indicate strong associations between gender gaps and higher female informality. This paper uses microdata from Senegal to assess the probability of a worker being informal, and our main findings are: (i) in urban areas, being a woman increases this probability by 8.5 percent; (ii) education is usually more relevant for women; (iii) having kids reduces men’s probability of being informal but increases women’s.

Women Work And Welfare In The Middle East And North Africa

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Author : Nadereh Chamlou
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2016-01-07

Women Work And Welfare In The Middle East And North Africa written by Nadereh Chamlou and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-07 with Business & Economics categories.

' In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, and in light of socio-economic and geopolitical challenges facing governments old and new, women''s rights and empowerment have gained new urgency and relevance. Groups in power, or groups contesting for power, are more conservative than expected, and there are serious threats to roll back some of the gains women had achieved over the past 20–30 years on economic and social fronts. The global gender debate has neglected the economic dimension of women''s empowerment and a great deal of debate and interest among researchers is needed to push the topics further. This timely book brings together leading regional researchers to offer original research linking gender equality with economic policy, reinforcing the agenda from a broad-based perspective. Contents:Forewords (Gary Becker and Ismail Serageldin)Preface (Soukeina Bouraoui)Acknowledgments (Nadereh Chamlou)Committee Members of the Gender Economic Research and Policy Analysis InitiativeContributors'' Biographical InformationWomen, Work, and Welfare in the Middle East and North Africa: Introduction and Overview (Massoud Karshenas, Valentine M Moghadam, and Nadereh Chamlou)Socio-Demographics:Returns to Education in Palestine and Turkey: A Comparative Study (Aysit Tansel and Yousef Daoud)Gender Effects of Education on Economic Development in Turkey (Aysit Tansel and Nil Demet Güngör)Intra-Household Resource Allocation in Egypt: Effect of Power Distribution within the Household on Child Work and Schooling (Rania Roushdy and Soiliou Daw Namoro)Gender, Resources across the Life Course, and Cognitive Functioning in Egypt (Kathryn M Yount)Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics and Problems of Jordanian Female-Headed Households (Hussein M Abu Farash)Women''s Entrepreneurship — Obstacles, Progress, and Prospects:Women Entrepreneurs in Egypt: Obstacles, Potential, and Prospects (Alia El Mehdi)Women Entrepreneurs in Lebanon: Obstacles, Potential, and Prospects (Kamal Hamdan, Redha Hamdan, Lara Batlouni, and Nisrine Mansour)Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Obstacles, Potentials, and Prospects (Şemsa Özar)Self-Employed Persons and Wage-Earners in Algeria: Application of a Bivariate Probit Model (Soheil Chennouf and Taïeb Hafsi)Gender and Entrepreneurship in Iran (Roksana Bahramitash and Hadi Salehi Esfahani)Labor, Liberalization, and Gender Discrimination:The Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in the Middle East and North Africa Region: The Role of Education and Social Norms in Amman, Cairo, and Sana''a (Nadereh Chamlou, Silvia Muzi, and Hanane Ahmed)Women and Work in Dubai City: Institutional Barriers and Potentials (Fatemeh Etemad Moghadam, Farroukh Guiahi, and Rabia Naguib)Private–Public Sector Employment Choice and Wage Differentials in Palestine: A Gender Perspective (Yousef Daoud and Ruba Shanti)Offshoring and the Availability of Female Labor in the MENA Region (Nadereh Chamlou & Désirée van Gorp)Gender and Public Policies:Did Trade Liberalization Benefit Female Workers? Evidence from Egypt on Wage and Employment Effects (Shireen AlAzzawi)Gender and Employment Impacts of Taxation Policy in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia (Ismael Fofana, Rim Chatti, Erwin Corong, Sami Bibi, and Omar Bouazouni)Family Planning and Female Empowerment in Iran (Djavad Salehi-Isfahani)The Impact of Labor Nationalization Policies on Female Participation Rates in the Arab Gulf (Emilie Rutledge and Fatima Al Shamsi) Readership: Policy makers, graduate students and researchers interested in the socio-economic issues that impact women in the Middle East and North Africa. Key Features:Incorporates a wide range of authoritative voices and counters criticism that the topic infringes on "cultural" issuesIncludes a foreword by the late Nobel Laureate Professor Gary Becker, the Chair of the Steering Committee and the Director of the renowned Library of Alexandria Dr Ismail Serageldin, and the Vice President for the Middle East and North Africa Mrs Inger AndersenMore than 80 researchers were engaged in the writing of this book. They are intimately familiar with the circumstances of their societies, and what kind of reforms are neededKeywords:Middle East and North Africa;Women''s Welfare;Gender Studies'

Gender Inequality In The Waemu

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Author : Can Sever
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-05-17

Gender Inequality In The Waemu written by Can Sever and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-05-17 with Business & Economics categories.

This paper documents the current state of gender inequalities in the WAEMU by focusing on outcomes (health, education, labor market and financial inclusion) and opportunities (economic rights). The findings show that despite significant progress toward gender equality over the last three decades, there are still prevalent gender-based disparities, which prevent women from fulfilling their economic potential. Both empirical and model-based estimates suggest that the WAEMU can reap substantial economic gains by mitigating the existing gender gaps in schooling and labor market outcomes. Hence, achieving gender equality remains a macro-critical goal for the region. Going forward, the need for specific policies supportive of gender equality may vary in each member country, but a multifaceted and holistic approach is needed to unleash the related economic potential in the WAEMU as a whole.

Women S Economic Empowerment

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Author : Kate Grantham
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-03-04

Women S Economic Empowerment written by Kate Grantham and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-04 with Social Science categories.

This book investigates the barriers to women’s economic empowerment in the Global South. Drawing on evidence from a wide range of countries, the book outlines important lessons and practical solutions for promoting gender equality. Despite global progress in closing gender gaps in education and health, women’s economic empowerment has lagged behind, with little evidence that economic growth promotes gender equality. International Development Research Centre’s (IDRC) Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) programme was set up to provide policy lessons, insights, and concrete solutions that could lead to advances in gender equality, particularly on the role of institutions and macroeconomic growth, barriers to labour market access for women, and the impact of women’s care responsibilities. This book showcases rigorous and multi-disciplinary research emerging from this ground-breaking programme, covering topics such as the school-to-work transition, child marriage, unpaid domestic work and childcare, labour market segregation, and the power of social and cultural norms that prevent women from fully participating in better paid sectors of the economy. With a range of rich case studies from Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Uganda, this book is perfect for students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working on women’s economic empowerment and gender equality in the Global South.