Grounds For Cognition
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Grounds For Cognition
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Author : Radu J. Bogdan
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2014-01-02
Grounds For Cognition written by Radu J. Bogdan and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-01-02 with Psychology categories.
Q: Why do organisms need cognition? A: To get information about their environments. Q: Why such information? A: Because organisms need to guide their behaviors to goals. Q: Why guidance? A: Because it leads to goal satisfaction. Q: Why goals? Cognition is a naturally selected response by genetic programs to the evolutionary pressure of guiding behaviors to goals. Organisms are material systems that maintain and replicate themselves by engaging their world in goal-directed ways. This is how guidance of behavior to goal grounds and explains cognition and the main forms in which it manages information. Guidance to goal also makes a difference to the understanding of human cognition. Simpler forms of cognition evolve to handle fixed informational transactions with the world, whereas human cognition evolves the abilities to script flexible goal situations that fit specific contexts of behavior. This teleoevolutionary approach has important implications for cognitive science, two of which are programmatic. One is that information that guides to goal is not exclusively cognitive; guidance is also affected by ecological facts and regularities as well as by design assumptions about them. The other implication is that the functional analyses dominant in cognitive science and philosophy of mind are incomplete and weak. They are incomplete in that they focus only on the explicitly encoded cognitive information and its behavioral consequences, thus ignoring the larger guidance arrangements; and weak because causal and functional relations implement but underdetermine goal-directed and goal-guided procesess. A work dealing expressly with the foundations of cognitive science, this book addresses basic but seldom-asked questions about the evolutionary rationale of cognition and the way this rationale has shaped the major types of cognition. It also provides a teleological answer to these basic questions in terms of goal directedness and particularly guidance of behavior to goal. In so doing, the work defends the scientific respectability and the explanatory necessity of teleology by showing that goal directedness characterizes the work of genetic programs.
Bolzano S Philosophy Of Grounding
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Author : Stefan Roski
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2022-02-24
Bolzano S Philosophy Of Grounding written by Stefan Roski and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-24 with Philosophy categories.
One of the liveliest debates in contemporary philosophy concerns the notions of grounding and metaphysical explanation. Many consider these notions to be of prime importance for metaphysics and the philosophy of explanation, or even for philosophy in general, and lament that they had been neglected for far too long. Although the current debate about grounding is of recent origin, its central ideas have a long and rich history in Western philosophy, going back at least to the works of Plato and Aristotle. Bernard Bolzano's theory of grounding, developed in the first half of the nineteenth century, is a peak in the history of these ideas. On Bolzano's account, grounding lies at the heart of a broad conception of explanation encompassing both causal and non-causal cases. Not only does his theory exceed most earlier theories in scope, depth, and rigour, it also anticipates a range of ideas that take a prominent place in the contemporary debate. But despite the richness and modernity of his theory, it is known only by a comparatively small circle of philosophers predominantly consisting of Bolzano scholars. Bolzano's Philosophy of Grounding is meant to make Bolzano's ideas on grounding accessible to a broader audience. The book gathers translations of Bolzano's most important writings on these issues, including material that has hitherto not been available in English. Additionally, it contains a survey article on Bolzano's conception and nine research papers critically assessing elements of the theory and/or exploring its broad range of applications in Bolzano's philosophy and beyond.
Kant S Empirical Psychology
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Author : Patrick R. Frierson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2014-07-17
Kant S Empirical Psychology written by Patrick R. Frierson and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-17 with History categories.
This is the first English-language book to examine Kant's empirical psychology, applying it throughout Kant's philosophy and to contemporary philosophical issues.
Light Of Consciousness
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Author : Martin Odudukudu
language : en
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Release Date : 2011-07-21
Light Of Consciousness written by Martin Odudukudu and has been published by Xlibris Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-07-21 with Philosophy categories.
Summary Light of Consciousness Metaphysics is a controversial subject because its concepts are not the same as and do not follow the same process of thinking as in other subjects. to think metaphysically, one must thinks out of the box; one must think independently of object and objective experiences, and this has to be learned. In metaphysics, one separates experiences due to objects from experiences occurring independently of objects. Such thinking is unusual, different from everyday thinking processes. Otherwise, one does not, for example, separate characterization one ascribes to God (or absolute intelligence) from ground of such characterization. Empiricists often insist that there is no such thing as an experience independent of an object; yet they do not explain the objects if any that one perceives, conceive and represents as corresponding to experiences of time, space, self consciousness, and so on. In Critic of Pure Reason, Kant (1781-1787) sees nature as subject to necessary law. These laws, Kant would say are accessible to us because cognition of these laws depends on the subject of thinking who characterizes its perceptions of nature according to rules. Thinking and characterizing; the problem that arises from this way of framing subjective and objective relationship is answering the question, what and how must the subject be in order to operate as a part of or apart from nature and still be said to determine it? Kant's answer to this dilemma is to split nature into sensuous (objects) and intelligible (things as they are in themselves) realm; however, he does not explain how the intelligible connects with the objective realm independent of thinking; that is, how one, an object, can determines an object. In view of these problems, Light of Consciousness is intended to achieve two main goals; (1) in chapterone, we attempt to point out the cognition with its elements in virtue of which Metaphysics may also ascend its throne as a legitimate subject matter. Here, just as cognition of external object is cognition of objective relations or physics, the object of cognition in metaphysics consist of objects of inner sense of which a subject of inner sense has been repeatedly identified as the aspect of inner sense saddled with the task of thinking, and therefore not objective. However, the controversy in Metaphysics is that a subject of inner sense is objective or empirical; therefore, to say that without experience there is no self. Light of Consciousness is intended to address these problem not by merely laying claims to its existence, but also by pointing out its instances of and in occurrence. In the other chapters of the book, we seek to point out some of the important topics of metaphysics, and to show how these topics help to further simply the subject matter. We describe these various aspects of the subject matter of metaphysics and their various elements and how these relate to self. We attempt to show that the operation of standing away from thinking is a real activity unique to the human being. In the chapter of time and space, we attempt to explicate its constituents as they relate to self. In the chapter on Monad, we went further to establish the natures of primary elements of nature, by explicating a process of development of pure and objective consciousness and their processes. Finally, in the chapters on consciousness and thought, we attempt to describe and explicate elements, constitution and process of operations of pure and objective consciousness. Here, we explain what consciousness is, what it consists of. Most important, we attempt to identify the nature of a consciousness in virtue of which one determine a representation of time and space, and to differentiate this from a consciousness in virtue of which one determines and represents an object in time and space.
How The Body Shapes Knowledge
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Author : Rebecca Fincher-Kiefer
language : en
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Release Date : 2019
How The Body Shapes Knowledge written by Rebecca Fincher-Kiefer and has been published by American Psychological Association (APA) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Psychology categories.
This text explores the theory of embodied cognition, which suggests that human cognition is "grounded" in the neural pathways linked to bodily sensation.
The Sensible And Intelligible Worlds
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Author : Karl Schafer
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2022
The Sensible And Intelligible Worlds written by Karl Schafer and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with Philosophy categories.
The contributors to this volume share a commitment to the idea that Kant's philosophy cannot be properly understood without careful attention to its metaphysical presuppositions. Topics discussed include modal metaphysics, the continuum, the epistemology of the a priori, and the foundations of Kant's "metaethical" views.
Lectures On Logic
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Author : Immanuel Kant
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2004-09-13
Lectures On Logic written by Immanuel Kant and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-09-13 with Philosophy categories.
Table of contents
Kant And The Philosophy Of Mind
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Author : Anil Gomes
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017-06-30
Kant And The Philosophy Of Mind written by Anil Gomes and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-30 with Philosophy categories.
The essays in this volume explore those aspects of Kant's writings which concern issues in the philosophy of mind. These issues are central to any understanding of Kant's critical philosophy and they bear upon contemporary discussions in the philosophy of mind. Fourteen specially written essays address such questions as: What role does mental processing play in Kant's account of intuition? What kinds of empirical models can be given of these operations? In what sense, and in what ways, are intuitions object-dependent? How should we understand the nature of the imagination? What is inner sense, and what does it mean to say that time is the form of inner sense? Can we cognize ourselves through inner sense? How do we self-ascribe our beliefs and what role does self-consciousness play in our judgments? Is the will involved in judging? What kind of knowledge can we have of the self? And what kind of knowledge of the self does Kant proscribe? These essays showcase the depth of Kant's writings in the philosophy of mind, and the centrality of those writings to his wider philosophical project. Moreover, they show the continued relevance of Kant's writings to contemporary debates about the nature of mind and self.
The Oxford Handbook Of Cognitive Archaeology
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Author : Thomas Wynn
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2024-03-27
The Oxford Handbook Of Cognitive Archaeology written by Thomas Wynn and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-03-27 with Psychology categories.
The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology is a landmark publication, showcasing the theories, methods, and accomplishments of archaeologists who investigate the human mind, including its evolutionary development, its ideation (thoughts and beliefs), and its very nature-through material forms. The volume encompasses the wide spectrum of the discipline, showcasing contributions from more than 50 established and emerging scholars from Europe, Africa,Asia, Australia, and the Americas. Prominent among these are contributions that discuss the epistemological frameworks of both the evolutionary and ideational approaches and the leading theories that groundinterpretations. Significantly, the majority of chapters deliver substantive contributions that analyze specific examples of material culture, from the oldest known stone tools to ceramic and rock art traditions of the recent millennium. These examples include the gamut of methods and techniques, including typology, replication studies, chaînes operatoires, neuroarchaeology, ethnographic comparison, and the direct historical approach.
Excerpt From The Doctrine Of Reason
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Author : Georg Friedrich Meier
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2016-01-28
Excerpt From The Doctrine Of Reason written by Georg Friedrich Meier and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-28 with Philosophy categories.
First published in 1752, Excerpt from the Doctrine of Reason [Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre] was written as a textbook and widely adopted by many 18th-century German instructors, but most notably by Immanuel Kant. For forty years Kant used the Excerpts as the basis of his lectures on logic making extensive notes on his copy of the text. More than a text on formal logic, Excerpt from the Doctrine of Reason covers epistemology and the elements of thought and language Meier believed made human understanding possible. Working across the two dominant intellectual forces in modern philosophy, the rationalist and the empiricist traditions, Meier's work was also instrumental to the introduction of English philosophy into Germany; he was among the first German philosophers to study John Locke's philosophy in depth. This complete English translation of Meier's influential textbook is introduced by Riccardo Pozzo and enhanced by a glossary and a concordance correlating Meier's arguments to Kant's logic lectures, the related Reflexionen and the Jäsche Logic of 1800 - the text considered of fundamental importance to Kant's philosophy. For scholars of Kant, Locke and the German Enlightenment, this valuable translation and its accompanying material presents the richest source of information available on Meier and his 18th-century work.