Guidance Cues In The Developing Brain
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Guidance Cues In The Developing Brain
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Author : Ivica Kostovic
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Guidance Cues In The Developing Brain written by Ivica Kostovic and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Many complex molecular interactions are involved in the development of the mammalian brain. Molecules serving as guidance cues for migratory cells, growing axons and for recognition of postsynaptic targets are a major topic for research because they are directly involved in the formation of neuronal circuits, thus creating the foundation for subsequent functional refinement through interactions with the environment. In addition, most guidance cue molecules are also involved in plasticity, damage repair and regeneration in the adult brain. This volume reviews current knowledge on major classes of molecules involved in: guidance of growing axons; tau proteins involved in the establishment of axonal polarity, outgrowth and contact recognition; gangliosides and lectins involved in neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth and contact recognition; and myelin molecules that inhibit nerve regeneration.
Synaptic Roles For Developmental Cues
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Author : Katherine Horn
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Synaptic Roles For Developmental Cues written by Katherine Horn and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
"The role of axon guidance cues during development has been extensively investigated. However, the expression of many of these cues, including the canonical axon guidance cue netrin-1 and its receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC), as well as the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase [sigma] (RPTP[sigma]), remain long after development is complete, and can be detected in the adult mammalian nervous system, suggesting that these proteins may have roles beyond guidance.Here, we begin by investigating the role of the netrin-1 receptor DCC in synaptic regulation. We address the role of DCC in the arborization of neurites, which modulates the amount of synaptic connections that may be formed, and find that DCC plays a key role in netrin-1 induced neurite branching, through mechanisms that may be independent of netrin-1 induced axon outgrowth. In the mature nervous system, DCC is found to be enriched at synapses. Use of a transgenic mouse model engineered to conditionally delete DCC from forebrain neurons after axon guidance is complete shows that DCC regulates dendritic spine size, and is essential for both spatial and recognition memory. Furthermore, electrophysiologically, DCC deficient mice exhibit impaired long term potentiation (LTP), and a decrease in activated Src family kinases, which have previously been shown to have an essential role in regulating the NMDA receptors (NMDARs) to permit LTP. The impairment in LTP can be rescued through the facilitation of NMDARs by slight alterations in the extracellular recording solution, and through pharmacological activation of Src. We thus conclude that DCC regulates the induction of LTP through an established pathway that includes the activation of Src to modulate NMDAR function.RPTP[sigma], another cue previously implicated in axon guidance, was also found to be enriched in synaptic membranes in the mature brain. Using a transgenic mouse null for RPTP[sigma], we find that in the mature brain, RPTP[sigma] restricts aberrant sprouting, regulates spine density in vitro and in vivo, affects the synaptic properties of hippocampal cells, and alters performance in a behavioural test assessing recognition memory. Together, these results suggest the presence of increased synaptic connections in RPTP[sigma] deficient mice. Overall, we show that cues formerly implicated in axon guidance have roles beyond development, with their expression in the adult nervous system leading to synaptic regulation in the mature brain." --
Creating Connections In The Developing Brain
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Author : Ilan Gobius
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2011-07-01
Creating Connections In The Developing Brain written by Ilan Gobius and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-07-01 with Medical categories.
The corpus callosum is the largest fibre tract in the human brain and subserves many of the brain’s higher-order functions. Disconnection syndromes resulting from surgical ablation, developmental absence (agenesis of the corpus callosum), disease, or injury of the corpus callosum can have profound consequences on cognition. Callosal development involves an intricate series of sequential and concurrent processes, including telencephalic induction, midline tissue patterning, production and specification of callosal neurons. In addition, axon extension and long-range axonal guidance from one hemisphere to the other are required for functional circuit formation in the contralateral hemisphere. Genetic or traumatic disruption to any part of this sequence is pathogenic. Understanding the key processes involved in callosal development is the first step in providing both better neuropsychological outcomes and improved diagnostic and prognostic tools for congenital disconnection syndromes in the future.
Neuronal Guidance
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Author : Marc Tessier-Lavigne
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Neuronal Guidance written by Marc Tessier-Lavigne and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Medical categories.
During the development of the brain growing nerves send out neuronal processes (axons and dendrites) that connect them to other nerve cells, sensory organs, and muscle tissue. Correct targeting of these is the basis for wiring of the entire nervous system and depends on attractive and repulsive molecular cues that guide the developing neurons to the appropriate destination. Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology examines the mechanisms underlying neuronal guidance and branching and their roles in the development and function of the nervous system. The contributors examine the major guidance cues and their receptors, the intracellular signaling pathways they activate, and their function in the context of important phenomena such as laminar organization and dendrite spacing. Other chapters consider the roles of guidance cues in development of neuronal circuits dedicated to the processing of particular sensory stimuli, such as the visual and olfactory systems. In addition, they cover the roles played by guidance cues and their receptors in neuronal regeneration and human genetic disorders, revealing important clinical implications of work in this field. The book also contains chapters discussing the function of guidance molecules in other processes, such as neuronal cell body migration, axon pruning, and regulation of neuronal cell death. In addition, it explores their roles outside the nervous system for example, in development of the vasculature. This volume is thus of general interest to cell and developmental biologists, as well as all neurobiologists interested in how the nervous system develops and functions.
Rna And Protein Networks That Locally Control Brain Wiring During Development
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Author : Alexander James Murphy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Rna And Protein Networks That Locally Control Brain Wiring During Development written by Alexander James Murphy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
The molecular machineries of growth cones control the formation of neural circuits in the developing brain. Although great progress has been made in elucidating axon guidance cues and their growth cone receptors, we still lack an understanding of the projection-specific RNA and protein networks in growth cones that likely control the wiring of specific circuits in vivo.
Cortical Axon Guidance And Behaviors Of Living Growth Cones In The Developing Mammalian Brain
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Author : Mary Catherine Halloran
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Cortical Axon Guidance And Behaviors Of Living Growth Cones In The Developing Mammalian Brain written by Mary Catherine Halloran and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with categories.
Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience Neural Circuit Development And Function In The Heathy And Diseased Brain
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Author : E.H. Sherr
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-05-06
Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience Neural Circuit Development And Function In The Heathy And Diseased Brain written by E.H. Sherr and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-06 with Medical categories.
Planar Cell Polarity Pathway And Axon Guidance In The Developing Spinal Cord
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Author : Jeong Deok Beth Shafer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Planar Cell Polarity Pathway And Axon Guidance In The Developing Spinal Cord written by Jeong Deok Beth Shafer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
The ability of the mammalian central nervous system to interpret the environment accurately, integrate information efficiently, and generate appropriate responses depends on the precise wiring and organization of billions of neurons into functional networks. The establishment of neural circuits to enable the eventual flow of sensory information requires that axons navigate across vast (on a cellular scale) distances. For somatosensory neurons, guidance takes place during development when axons must grow to the brain via a series of intermediate targets, each step of which involves the detection and response to numerous extracellular cues. Therefore, to develop a comprehensive understanding of how neurons form appropriate connections requires that axonal responses to these molecular guidance cues be clearly defined. This dissertation presents studies of axon guidance in a model cellular system, the somatosensory commissural neurons of the spinal cord. I have characterized the role of Wnt-Frizzled signaling in these neurons, and found that the non-canonical Wnt-Fzd signaling, known as the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway, is fundamental to commissural axon guidance. Further, by analysis of animal models of PCP dysfunction, Celsr3 null and Vangl2 mutant mice, I show that PCP is required for anterior guidance of commissural axons toward the brain. Equally important, I describe the mechanism by which the PCP pathway mediates axon growth decisions through the use of primary spinal neuron and eukaryotic cell cultures and biochemical techniques. I present evidence to show that modifications of PCP surface receptors, Fzd3 and Vangl2, at the cell membrane are critical to PCP signaling and constitute a spatio-temporal response to Wnt molecules secreted from the ventral spinal cord. Together, these data reveal a novel role for the PCP pathway in axon guidance. It is hoped that the results of these studies will provide a more general model for the role of membrane receptor modifications in the establishment of neuronal circuitry.
Discovering The Brain
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Author : National Academy of Sciences
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1992-01-01
Discovering The Brain written by National Academy of Sciences and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992-01-01 with Medical categories.
The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."
Development Of The Nervous System
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Author : Dan H. Sanes
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2005-11-02
Development Of The Nervous System written by Dan H. Sanes and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-11-02 with Science categories.
Development of the Nervous System, Second Edition has been thoroughly revised and updated since the publication of the First Edition. It presents a broad outline of neural development principles as exemplified by key experiments and observations from past and recent times. The text is organized along a development pathway from the induction of the neural primordium to the emergence of behavior. It covers all the major topics including the patterning and growth of the nervous system, neuronal determination, axonal navigation and targeting, synapse formation and plasticity, and neuronal survival and death. This new text reflects the complete modernization of the field achieved through the use of model organisms and the intensive application of molecular and genetic approaches. The original, artist-rendered drawings from the First Edition have all been redone and colorized to so that the entire text is in full color. This new edition is an excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate level students in courses such as Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Developmental Biology. Updates information including all the new developments made in the field since the first edition Now in full color throughout, with the original, artist-rendered drawings from the first edition completely redone, revised, colorized, and updated