Hindu Arabic Numerals
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The Hindu Arabic Numerals
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Author : David Eugene Smith
language : en
Publisher: DigiCat
Release Date : 2022-08-01
The Hindu Arabic Numerals written by David Eugene Smith and has been published by DigiCat this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-08-01 with Fiction categories.
DigiCat Publishing presents to you this special edition of "The Hindu-Arabic Numerals" by David Eugene Smith, Louis Charles Karpinski. DigiCat Publishing considers every written word to be a legacy of humankind. Every DigiCat book has been carefully reproduced for republishing in a new modern format. The books are available in print, as well as ebooks. DigiCat hopes you will treat this work with the acknowledgment and passion it deserves as a classic of world literature.
The Hindu Arabic Numerals
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Author : David Eugene Smith
language : en
Publisher: Hardpress Publishing
Release Date : 2012-08-01
The Hindu Arabic Numerals written by David Eugene Smith and has been published by Hardpress Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-08-01 with categories.
Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.
The Hindu Arabic Numerals
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Author : Louis Charles Karpinski
language : en
Publisher: Library of Alexandria
Release Date : 1911-01-01
The Hindu Arabic Numerals written by Louis Charles Karpinski and has been published by Library of Alexandria this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1911-01-01 with Fiction categories.
The Hindu Arabic Numerals
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Author : David Eugene Smith
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017-07-06
The Hindu Arabic Numerals written by David Eugene Smith and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-06 with categories.
PREFACE So familiar are we with the numerals that bear the misleading name of Arabic, and so extensive is their use in Europe and the Americas, that it is difficult for us to realize that their general acceptance in the transactions of commerce is a matter of only the last four centuries, and that they are unknown to a very large part of the human race to-day. It seems strange that such a labor-saving device should have struggled for nearly a thousand years after its system of place value was perfected before it replaced such crude notations as the one that the Roman conqueror made substantially universal in Europe. Such, however, is the case, and there is probably no one who has not at least some slight passing interest in the story of this struggle. To the mathematician and the student of civilization the interest is generally a deep one; to the teacher of the elements of knowledge the interest may be less marked, but nevertheless it is real; and even the business man who makes daily use of the curious symbols by which we express the numbers of commerce, cannot fail to have some appreciation for the story of the rise and progress of these tools of his trade. This story has often been told in part, but it is a long time since any effort has been made to bring together the fragmentary narrations and to set forth the general problem of the origin and development of these numerals. In this little work we have attempted to state the history of these forms in small compass, to place before the student materials for the investigation of the problems involved, and to express as clearly as possible the results of the labors of scholars who have studied the subject in different parts of the world. We have had no theory to exploit, for the history of mathematics has seen too much of this tendency already, but as far as possible we have weighed the testimony and have set forth what seem to be the reasonable conclusions from the evidence at hand. To facilitate the work of students an index has been prepared which we hope may be serviceable. In this the names of authors appear only when some use has been made of their opinions or when their works are first mentioned in full in a footnote. If this work shall show more clearly the value of our number system, and shall make the study of mathematics seem more real to the teacher and student, and shall offer material for interesting some pupil more fully in his work with numbers, the authors will feel that the considerable labor involved in its preparation has not been in vain. We desire to acknowledge our especial indebtedness to Professor Alexander Ziwet for reading all the proof, as well as for the digest of a Russian work, to Professor Clarence L. Meader for Sanskrit transliterations, and to Mr. Steven T. Byington for Arabic transliterations and the scheme of pronunciation of Oriental names, and also our indebtedness to other scholars in Oriental learning for information. DAVID EUGENE SMITH LOUIS CHARLES KARPINSKI PRONUNCIATION OF ORIENTAL NAMES I. EARLY IDEAS OF THEIR ORIGIN II. EARLY HINDU FORMS WITH NO PLACE VALUE III. LATER HINDU FORMS, WITH A PLACE VALUE IV. THE SYMBOL ZERO V. THE QUESTION OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE NUMERALS INTO EUROPE BY BOETHIUS VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NUMERALS AMONG THE ARABS VII. THE DEFINITE INTRODUCTION OF THE NUMERALS INTO EUROPE VIII. THE SPREAD OF THE NUMERALS IN EUROPE INDEX CHAPTER I EARLY IDEAS OF THEIR ORIGIN It has long been recognized that the common numerals used in daily life are of comparatively recent origin. The number of systems of notation employed before the Christian era was about the same as the number of written languages, and in some cases a single language had several systems. The Egyptians, for example, had three systems of writing, with a numerical notation for each; the Greeks had two well-defined sets of numerals, and the Roman symbols for number changed more or less from century to century. Even to-day the number
The Hindu Arabic Numerals
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Author : David Eugene Smith
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2013-10-03
The Hindu Arabic Numerals written by David Eugene Smith and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-03 with History categories.
So familiar are we with the numerals that bear the misleading name of Arabic, and so extensive is their use in Europe and the Americas, that it is difficult for us to realize that their general acceptance in the transactions of commerce is a matter of only the last four centuries, and that they are unknown to a very large part of the human race to-day. It seems strange that such a labor-saving device should have struggled for nearly a thousand years after its system of place value was perfected before it replaced such crude notations as the one that the Roman conqueror made substantially universal in Europe. Such, however, is the case, and there is probably no one who has not at least some slight passing interest in the story of this struggle. To the mathematician and the student of civilization the interest is generally a deep one; to the teacher of the elements of knowledge the interest may be less marked, but nevertheless it is real; and even the business man who makes daily use of the curious symbols by which we express the numbers of commerce, cannot fail to have some appreciation for the story of the rise and progress of these tools of his trade.
The Hindu Arabic Numerals
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Author : Louis Charles Karpinski
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2014-06-02
The Hindu Arabic Numerals written by Louis Charles Karpinski and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-06-02 with Foreign Language Study categories.
This collection of literature attempts to compile many of the classic, timeless works that have stood the test of time and offer them at a reduced, affordable price, in an attractive volume so that everyone can enjoy them.
The Hindu Arabic Numerals
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Author : David Eugene 1860-1944 Smith
language : en
Publisher: Wentworth Press
Release Date : 2016-08-26
The Hindu Arabic Numerals written by David Eugene 1860-1944 Smith and has been published by Wentworth Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-26 with History categories.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Arqam Al Hindiyah Al Arabiyah Wa Naqluha Il Al Gharb
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Author : Fuat Sezgin
language : de
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Arqam Al Hindiyah Al Arabiyah Wa Naqluha Il Al Gharb written by Fuat Sezgin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Civilization, Western categories.
The Story Of Our Numbers
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Author : Zelda King
language : en
Publisher: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc
Release Date : 2010-01-01
The Story Of Our Numbers written by Zelda King and has been published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-01 with Juvenile Nonfiction categories.
Explains the history of written numbers, from ancient Roman numerals to the invention of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system and the spread of the Arabic numeral system around the world.
Hindu Arabic Numerals
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Author : Smith David Eugene
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1901
Hindu Arabic Numerals written by Smith David Eugene and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1901 with categories.