International Trade And Pharmaceuticals
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International Trade And Pharmaceuticals
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
International Trade And Pharmaceuticals written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Competition, International categories.
International Trade And Finance Pharmaceutical Industry In Germany
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Author : Miriam Mennen
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2010-03-18
International Trade And Finance Pharmaceutical Industry In Germany written by Miriam Mennen and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-03-18 with Medical categories.
Essay from the year 2006 in the subject Pharmacology, grade: 71 % - A, University of Sunderland (Faculty of Business and Law), course: International Trade and Finance, language: English, abstract: This paper will firstly analyse the importance of R&D, its global dimension and its future trends. Furthermore, the emphasis by nations put on investment in knowledge will be explained. The second part then outlines the main economic theories concerning innovation and knowledge creation. Finally, Germany and its pharmaceutical industry will be taken as an example to illustrate the dimensions of investment in R&D and its outcomes.
Pills Pesticides Profits
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Author : Ruth Norris
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1982
Pills Pesticides Profits written by Ruth Norris and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with Business & Economics categories.
Abstract: This book discusses the international trade in toxic substances, specifically pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and hazardous wastes. Abuses, exploitation of uniformed consumers, and the double standard that says products considered unsafe for use in the industrialized world may be promoted and sold freely in the developing nations are discussed. Attempts to purchase rights to dump hazardous waste in third world countries and the marketing practices of infant formula manufacturers in third world countries are also examined.
Tariff And Non Tariff Measures In The World Trade Of Pharmaceutical Products
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Tariff And Non Tariff Measures In The World Trade Of Pharmaceutical Products written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Drugs categories.
The Pharmaceutical Industry In Switzerland
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Author : Nicole Burkardt
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2007-11-27
The Pharmaceutical Industry In Switzerland written by Nicole Burkardt and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-11-27 with Business & Economics categories.
Essay from the year 2007 in the subject Business economics - Trade and Distribution, grade: 74% - A, University of Sunderland, 39 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: International trade can to some extent be explained by the theory of absolute and comparative advantage. By nature, countries have distinctive immobile production factors and hence different relative production costs for the same good/service (Lawler and Seddighi, 2001). The theory of the absolute advantage by Adam Smith is that a country should specialise on the product/service where it has an absolute advantage over any other country in order to increase productivity and output. Ricardo’s theory of the comparative advantage says a country should export products where it has the greatest comparative advantage or where the comparative disadvantage is smallest and should import goods in which its comparative disadvantage is greatest (Trebilcock and Howse, 2005). This model still represents the basis for international trade theory, but it was further modified and reformulated which will be discussed later on. The pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland by looking at innovation, R&D expenditure, export figures and the growth level will be analysed. All this is interrelated to theoretical background of newer trade theories of Vernon, Krugman and Cantwell.
Parallel Imports Of Pharmaceuticals
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Author : Cédric Julien Poget
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-12-20
Parallel Imports Of Pharmaceuticals written by Cédric Julien Poget and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12-20 with Medical categories.
Parallel trade occurs if international price differences for identical products are high and a policy of regional or international exhaustion of the respective property right has been implemented in the high price country. The work by C. Poget analyses how parallel imports of pharmaceuticals are affecting end consumer prices and drug expenditures in three Scandinavian countries, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Based on his observations he derives proposals for policy reforms in EU member countries and Switzerland.
Trips And Access To Medicines
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Author : Renata Curzel
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2020-12-10
Trips And Access To Medicines written by Renata Curzel and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-10 with Law categories.
Although ideally a patent system for pharmaceuticals should serve to incentivize research into the development of new medicines, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the equal importance of drug access and affordability. This book, by focusing on the Brazilian rule which makes the grant of pharmaceutical patents dependent on the prior consent of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), shows how the Brazilian model affords an example for other countries to follow in dealing with tensions between patent protection and the right to healthcare. Based on an empirical study in which the author examined 147 reports issued by ANVISA as a basis for its decisions, the book deals with such central questions concerning the interface of regulation and innovation in the patent system as the following: compatibility between ANVISA’s prior consent mechanism and the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement; how “evergreening” and “trivial patents” undermine public health and access to medicines; ways of correcting abuses of patent rights and controlling quality of patents; and the discourse on health as a human right. Along with her examination of ANVISA reports, the author analyzes how Article 229-C LPI, which introduced the need of ANVISA’s prior consent to the patent grant of pharmaceuticals in Brazil, has been interpreted in Brazilian case law. Interviews with Brazilian experts are also included. In its commitment to harmonizing patent rights and the right to access of affordable medicines, Brazil’s patent system for pharmaceuticals stands out as a workable response to the basic problem of access to medicines in the developing world. By describing the successes and failures in the Brazilian policy of promoting drug access, this book helps policymakers in developing and emerging countries to better explore TRIPS flexibilities when dealing with similar problems, and provides practitioners in the law of the World Trade Organization, patent law, competition law, and health law with a guide to how a more equitable pharmaceutical patenting system could work in practice.
Pharmaceutical Patent Protection And World Trade Law
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Author : Jae Sundaram
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2018-05-08
Pharmaceutical Patent Protection And World Trade Law written by Jae Sundaram and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-08 with Law categories.
Patents, including pharmaceutical patents, enjoy extended protection for twenty years under the TRIPs Agreement. The Agreement has resulted in creating a two-tier system of the World Trade Organisation Member States, and its implementation has seen the price of pharmaceutical products skyrocket, putting essential medicines beyond the reach of the common man. The hardest hit populations come from the developing and least developed countries, which have either a weak healthcare system or no healthcare at all, where access to essential and affordable medicines is extremely difficult to achieve. Pharmaceutical Patent Protection and World Trade Law studies the problems faced by these countries in obtaining access to affordable medicines for their citizens in light of the TRIPS Agreement. It explores the opportunities that are still open for some developing countries to utilise the flexibilities available under the TRIPS Agreement in order to mitigate the damage caused by it. The book also examines the interrelationship between the world governing bodies, and the right to health contained in some of the developing country’s national constitutions.
Intellectual Property Law And Access To Medicines
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Author : Srividhya Ragavan
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-07-28
Intellectual Property Law And Access To Medicines written by Srividhya Ragavan and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-28 with Law categories.
The history of patent harmonization is a story of dynamic actors, whose interactions with established structures shaped the patent regime. From the inception of the trade regime to include intellectual property (IP) rights to the present, this book documents the role of different sets of actors – states, transnational business corporations, or civil society groups – and their influence on the structures – such as national and international agreements, organizations, and private entities – that have caused changes to healthcare and access to medication. Presenting the debates over patents, trade, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), as it galvanized non-state and nonbusiness actors, the book highlights how an alternative framing and understanding of pharmaceutical patent rights emerged: as a public issue, instead of a trade or IP issue. The book thus offers an important analysis of the legal and political dynamics through which the contest for access to lifesaving medication has been, and will continue to be, fought. In addition to academics working in the areas of international law, development, and public health, this book will also be of interest to policy makers, state actors, and others with relevant concerns working in nongovernmental and international organizations.
The New Political Economy Of Pharmaceuticals
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Author : Hans Löfgren
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-04-30
The New Political Economy Of Pharmaceuticals written by Hans Löfgren and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-30 with Political Science categories.
Some two decades will shortly have passed since the WTO's Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement came into force in 1995. This volume is the first cross-country analysis of how TRIPS has affected the capacity of 11 major low or medium income countries to produce generic drugs.