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Lens Epithelium And Posterior Capsular Opacification


Lens Epithelium And Posterior Capsular Opacification
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Lens Epithelium And Posterior Capsular Opacification


Lens Epithelium And Posterior Capsular Opacification
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Author : Shizuya Saika
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-08-12

Lens Epithelium And Posterior Capsular Opacification written by Shizuya Saika and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-12 with Medical categories.


This book is the first to summarize the current knowledge of the cell biology of lens epithelial cells in relation to and in the development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). PCO remains the most common long-term complication of modern cataract surgery, occurring months or years after cataract surgery, unlike most other complications that tend to arise during or soon after the procedure. Opacification of the posterior capsule appears to be linked to lens epithelial cells that are left behind in the eye during cataract removal. These cells proliferate, migrate across the posterior lens capsule, and undergo changes that result in fibrous or pearl-type opacities in the capsule. The first section of the text explains the molecular mechanism and biology of lens epithelial cells that lead to the incidence of PCO. In the second part, in addition to a description of the mechanism and pathological condition of PCO, surgical methods and devices for preventing PCO are discussed in detail. Lens Epithelium and Capsular Opacification will benefit not only young clinical residents and junior researchers, but also established faculty in the clinical or basic academic field.



Lens Epithelial Cell Migrational Model


Lens Epithelial Cell Migrational Model
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Author : Meghan Marshall
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008

Lens Epithelial Cell Migrational Model written by Meghan Marshall and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.




Webvision


Webvision
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Author : Helga Kolb
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007

Webvision written by Helga Kolb and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.




Spatial Organisation Of The Cells In The Mammalian Lens Epithelium And Its Role In Lens Growth


Spatial Organisation Of The Cells In The Mammalian Lens Epithelium And Its Role In Lens Growth
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Author : Weiju Wu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Spatial Organisation Of The Cells In The Mammalian Lens Epithelium And Its Role In Lens Growth written by Weiju Wu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Eye categories.


The eye lens consists of epithelial cells, fibre cells and an outer capsule. The epithelium plays a crucial role in maintaining lens growth by continuous cell proliferation and differentiation into fibre cells throughout life. Many studies make or support the assumption that cell organisation within the epithelia of different mammalian lenses follows a common plan, while this has not been studied in detail. To better understand this and how it is associated with the development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in the human capsular bag after cataract surgery, I studied some basic cell characteristics in five kinds of mammalian lenses and in human donor capsular bags. The apoptotic cell number was very low in the lens epithelium. Cell density, height, cross-sectional area and volume were different in the three zones of the epithelium, and changed with age in the human lens epithelium. The majority of the cells in the peripheral capsular bag retained their polygonal morphology and were as a single layer. Cell proliferation was mainly restricted to the germinative zone (GZ) in the normal lenses and capsular bags. The proliferation index decreased with age in the human lens epithelium. FGF-2 could initiate cell proliferation by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signalling pathway. An FGF-2 gradient was detected in the inner surface of the bovine lens capsule and its level was statistically higher at the equator where cell proliferation and differentiation occurred. Cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cell density and size in each zone were all consistent in the young lenses from bovine, mice, rats, rabbits and humans. This suggests that a single model may explain cell organisation in the mammalian lens epithelium and age will be one of its important parameters. Moreover, destroying the residual cell organisation in the peripheral capsular bags might prevent PCO.



Investigating The Role Of 5 1 Integrin In Fibrotic Posterior Capsular Opacification Pco


Investigating The Role Of 5 1 Integrin In Fibrotic Posterior Capsular Opacification Pco
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Author : Imane Assakhi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021

Investigating The Role Of 5 1 Integrin In Fibrotic Posterior Capsular Opacification Pco written by Imane Assakhi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.


Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a major complication of cataract surgery. The lens epithelial cells remaining behind post cataract surgery undergo epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and transform into myofibroblasts. The migration of fibroblasts to the posterior capsule blocks the visual axis resulting in the secondary cataract, PCO. It is believed that TGF-Îø is the orchestrator of fibrotic PCO. However, recent findings in the M Duncan's lab have shown that fibronectin, an extracellular matrix protein, plays several roles in PCO pathogenesis. This discovery has opened new paths for investigation. The mechanism by which fibronectin acts is still unknown. Thus, since fibronectin binds integrin receptors, the purpose of this project is to understand the relative extent to which fibronectin contributes to PCO via binding its main canonical receptor Îł5Îø1-integrin. Îł5-integrin mRNA levels increase at 6 hours PCS in remnant lens epithelial cells. While immunostaining shows that Îł5-integrin protein expression is low in unoperated lenses, the levels upregulate significantly at 48 hours PCS. Thus, to investigate the role of Îł5Îø1-integrin in PCO pathogenesis, conditional Îł5cKO lenses were generated using Îł5-integrin exon1 floxed mice and mice carrying MLR10 cre recombinase. Immunostaining and PCR have revealed the near complete loss of Îł5-integrin in Îł5cKO lenses at both the protein and the gene levels, respectively. Lens development and adult phenotype appear to be normal in Îł5cKO. Additionally, the immunostaining of Îł-SMA and tenascin C, two fibrotic markers, showed an overall decrease in the fibrotic response PCS in the Îł5cKO, indicating that Îł5Îø1-integrin plays a role in PCO pathogenesis. Similar outcomes were seen in fibronectin knockout mice (FNcKO), which suggests that fibronectin might be playing a role in fibrosis through binding to Îł5Îø1-integrin. Moreover, the size of the plaque surrounding the lens capsule appeared to be larger in the WT mice. The analysis of proliferation using Ki67 antibody has showed a significant increase in proliferation 48 hours PCS in WT, while Îł5cKO mice showed a late upregulation of proliferation around 3 days PCS. However, the FNcKO mice have exhibited an increased proliferation at 48 hours PCS, similar to the WT. Overall, many of fibronectin's functions in fibrotic PCO pathogenesis appear to be mediated through its binding to Îł5Îø1-integrin. Thus, Îł5Îø1-integrin antagonists may be efficacious in preventing fibrotic PCO.



Intraocular Lenses With Surfaces Functionalized By Biomolecules In Relation With Lens Epithelial Cell Adhesion


Intraocular Lenses With Surfaces Functionalized By Biomolecules In Relation With Lens Epithelial Cell Adhesion
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Author : Yi-Shiang Huang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014

Intraocular Lenses With Surfaces Functionalized By Biomolecules In Relation With Lens Epithelial Cell Adhesion written by Yi-Shiang Huang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.


Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) is the capsule fibrosis developed onto the implanted IntraOcular Lens (IOL) by the de-differentiation of Lens Epithelial Cells (LEC) undergoing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Literature has shown that the incidence of PCO is multifactorial including patient's age or disease, surgical technique, and IOL design and material. Reports comparing hydrophilic and hydrophobic acrylic IOLs show the former has more severe PCO after EMT transition. Additionally, the LEC adhesion is favored onto the hydrophobic materials compared to the hydrophilic ones. A biomimetic strategy to promote LEC adhesion without de-differentiation to reduce PCO development risk is proposed. RGD peptides, as well as their grafting and quantification methods on a hydrophilic acrylic polymer were investigated. The surface functionalized IOL promoting LEC adhesion via integrin receptors can be used to reconstitute the capsule-LEC-IOL sandwich structure, which is considered to prevent PCO formation in literature. The results show the innovative biomaterial improves LEC adhesion, and also exhibits similar optical (light transmittance, optical bench) and mechanical (haptic compression force, IOL injection force) properties comparing to the starting material. In addition, comparing to the hydrophobic IOL material, this bioactive biomaterial exhibits similar abilities in LEC adhesion, morphology maintenance, and EMT biomarker expression. The in vitro assays suggest this biomaterial has the potential to reduce some risk factors of PCO development.



Role Of Cholesterol 25 Hydroxylase In Fibrotic Posterior Capsular Opacification


Role Of Cholesterol 25 Hydroxylase In Fibrotic Posterior Capsular Opacification
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Author : Joseph M. Stevenson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020

Role Of Cholesterol 25 Hydroxylase In Fibrotic Posterior Capsular Opacification written by Joseph M. Stevenson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.


Posterior capsular opacification (PCO), a common fibrotic complication of cataract surgery, is a disease which arises from epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) within the lens capsule. The cells migrate toward the posterior capsule and form scar tissue, obstructing the visual axis and forming a secondary cataract. Ocular inflammatory signaling post cataract surgery (PCS) precedes EMT and predisposes remaining LECs to fibrotic differentiation, but specific interactions within the eye are largely unknown. CH25H (cholesterol-25 hydroxylase) is robustly upregulated in LECs as early as 3 hours PCS but its function in ocular inflammation and fibrosis is unknown. To study the function of CH25H within the lens, CH25H knockout mice were bred and lens fiber cells removed to simulate cataract surgery and assess post-surgical responses. Lenses lacking CH25H develop normally, but both the inflammatory and fibrotic responses to simulated cataract surgery are attenuated compared to wildtype (WT) lenses as they exhibit decreased levels of cytokines, fibrotic markers, and proliferation in response to surgery. This provides evidence to support a proposed reduction in NFÎðB signaling and AP-1 signaling in absence of CH25H - a relationship that has not yet been confirmed and will require further study. Fibrotic markers ÎłSMA and fibronectin upregulate sharply in WT LECs PCS, while CH25H null mice exhibit greatly attenuated fibrotic expression as well as significantly reduced LEC proliferation. Interestingly, mice lacking CH25H show unaltered infiltration of neutrophils at 24 hours PCS and macrophages at 3 days PCS, while circulating leukocytes are similar to WT mice, suggesting that CH25H is not necessary for innate leukocyte regulation or trafficking to the lens PCS. Taken together, its impact on inflammatory and fibrotic pathway induction suggests a role for CH25H as a mediator of the early wound-healing response, EMT, and subsequent fibrotic PCO.



The Optimal Intraocular Lens For Patients


The Optimal Intraocular Lens For Patients
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Author : Christina Mastromonaco
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021

The Optimal Intraocular Lens For Patients written by Christina Mastromonaco and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.


"Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the leading long-term complication of cataract surgery caused by the remnant lens epithelial cells (LECs) within the capsular bag. LECs undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acquire a myofibroblast phenotype, further depositing extracellular matrix, leading to opacities. Duration of intraocular lens (IOL) implant, patient comorbidities, and IOL type may be contributing factors to PCO. The aim of this study is to better understand the biocompatibility of the IOL within the eye, and determine the characteristics that led to PCO development. To do this, three main objectives will be pursued: 1) to compare different histopathological changes in the anterior segment between Anterior Chamber IOLs (ACIOLs) and Posterior Chamber IOLs (PCIOLs), 2) to assess the biological composition of PCO through objective immunohistochemical techniques in different PCIOL types, 3) to perform a retrospective analysis on a large cohort of specimens to analyse the IOL (optic edge design, material, haptics and filter) and patient factors (diabetic, hypertension, glaucoma and cancer) that are associated with lens decentration, ciliary ring distortion and PCO.In total, four hundred and forty donor eyes were obtained from the Minnesota Lions Eye Bank. All eyes came with clinical history of each patient including, age, sex, comorbidities, date of cataract surgery, and specific IOL model. Capsular bags with implanted IOLs were removed from the eye and digital images with the Olympus DSX 110 microscope were obtained. PCO was graded using previously published automated software (ADOS, Medical Parachute). After specimens were paraffin-embedded, 40 samples (ACIOL, PCIOL and phakic eyes) were stained with Masson’s trichrome, and further digitalized. Customized Medical Parachute TMAN software quantified the cellular components and the trabecular extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork (TM). On another 190 PCIOL samples, automated immunohistochemistry with the Ventana Benchmark platform was performed using anti- Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA) to detect EMT, and anti-FN to detect fibronectin. Slides were digitalized and analysed using the Positive Pixel Count v9 algorithm. Extensive data were collected and a series of multivariate analysis were performed on the entire 440 samples. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA13, P value



The Scrub S Bible


The Scrub S Bible
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Author : Richard S. Koplin
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-06-27

The Scrub S Bible written by Richard S. Koplin and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-27 with Medical categories.


​The second edition of The Scrub's Bible is a timely, comprehensive resource, which will include extensive chapter and content updates, along with 50 new images and drawings. Updated sections will delve into subjects of endothelial transplantation, as well as cataract surgery and new medical and technological developments: femtosecond lasers, innovations in premium lens implant technologies, optiwave refractive analysis, and combined glaucoma and cataract surgery. Additional extensive chapter updates in the surgical tray, self-assessment, and corneal transplantation will be described in great detail as well. ​Directed at the growing number of untutored personnel aspiring to enter the disciplines of ophthalmic technicianry and surgical assisting, ​The Scrub's Bible, 2nd edition remains a key entry level guide to understanding the human eye, its basic anatomy, and physiology. Absorbing this information serves as the foundation for the authors, who are all skilled and respected eye surgeons, educators, and surgery center owners, to draw the reader through the fundamentals of the two most common areas of ophthalmic surgery: cataract and corneal/refractive surgery. The Scrub's Bible​ 2nd edition will build upon the first edition--remaining an easy-to-read tool that is broken down into discreet and understandable elements, meant to avoid the intimidating rhetoric of a standard reference.



Lens And Cataract


Lens And Cataract
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Author : James C. Bobrow, M.d.
language : en
Publisher: Amer Academy of Ophthalmology
Release Date : 2012-06

Lens And Cataract written by James C. Bobrow, M.d. and has been published by Amer Academy of Ophthalmology this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-06 with Medical categories.


Reviews the anatomy, physiology, embryology and pathology of the lens. Covers the epidemiology, evaluation and management of cataracts; gives an overview of lens and cataract surgery; and explores the complications and special situations of cataract surgery. CME Information The American Academy of Ophthalmology is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The American Academy of Ophthalmology designates this enduring material for a maximum of 10 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. The American Medical Association requires that all learners participating in activities involving enduring materials complete a formal assessment before claiming CME credit. To assess your achievement in this activity and ensure that a specified level of knowledge has been reached, a posttest for this Section of the Basic and Clinical Science Course is provided. A minimum score of 80% must be obtained to pass the test and claim CME credit. Visit CME Central for more information. Major revision 2012-2013; 258 pages Section chair: James C. Bobrow, MD