Local Labor Markets
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Local Labor Markets
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Author : Enrico Moretti
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Local Labor Markets written by Enrico Moretti and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Labor market categories.
Abstract: I examine the causes and the consequences of differences in labor market outcomes across local labor markets within a country. The focus is on a long-run general equilibrium setting, where workers and firms are free to move across localities and local prices adjust to maintain the spatial equilibrium. In particular, I develop a tractable general equilibrium framework of local labor markets with heterogenous labor. This framework is useful in thinking about differences in labor market outcomes of different skill groups across locations. It clarifies how, in spatial equilibrium, localized shocks to a part of the labor market propagate to the rest of the economy through changes in employment, wages and local prices and how this diffusion affects workers' welfare. Using this framework, I address three related questions. First, I analyze the welfare consequences of productivity differences across local labor markets. I seek to understand what happens to the wage, employment and utility of workers with different skill levels when a local economy experiences a shift in the productivity of a group of workers. Second, I analyze the causes of productivity differences across local labor markets. To a large extent, productivity differences within a country are unlikely to be exogenous. I review the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies, with a particular focus on studies that are relevant for labor economists. Finally, I discuss the implications for policy
Essays On Local Labor Markets
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Author : Clément Malgouyres
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays On Local Labor Markets written by Clément Malgouyres and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Labor economics categories.
This thesis studies empirically several issues regarding the functioning of local labor markets. In Chapter 1, I follow the methodology developed by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2013) to estimate the impact of Chinese imports competition onto French local labor markets, with an emphasis on the spill-overs e ects beyond the manufacturing sector on the structure of employment and wages. Local employment and total labor income in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing are negatively a ected by rising exposure to imports. Imports competition from China polarized the local structure of employment in the manufacturing sector. Hourly wages distribution is negatively a ected but overall wage dispersion is not increased. The non-traded sector even experiences a decrease in lower-tail inequality. Exploiting geographical variation in the bite of the minimum wage, I nd evidence suggesting that the minimum wage explains this e ect. In Chapter 2, I use a re nement of empirical strategy in Chapter 1 to look at whether communities suddenly a ected by rising economic integration with low-wage countries tended to vote more for the far-right parties over the last four French presidential elections. I nd evidence of a small but signi cantly positive impact of imports competition exposure on votes for the far-right: a one standard-deviation increase in imports-per-worker causes the change in the far-right share to increase by 7 percent of a standard deviation. Further results suggest that this e ect has been increasing over the time period considered. We conduct a simple sensitivity test supporting the notion that (i) omitting local share of immigrants is likely to bias our estimate downward, and that (ii) this bias is likely to negligible. In Chapter 3, co-authored with Camille H emet, we study the impact of local diversity on labour market outcomes, at two di erent level of aggregation: local labor market and i immediate neighborhood. We nd that employment correlates positively with local labor market diversity, but negatively with neighborhood diversity. Using an instrumental variable approach to deal with local labor market diversity drives the positive correlation to zero, con rming the suspicion of self-selection. Regarding neighborhood diversity, we adopt the strategy of Bayer et al. (2008), taking advantage of the very precise localization of the data: the negative e ect of diversity is reinforced. We also show that nationality-based diversity matters more than parents' origin-based diversity, giving insights on the underlying mechanisms. In Chapter 4, co-authored with Camille H emet, we exploit some speci cities of the French Labor Force Survey, in order to detect the presence of referral networks among neighbors. We show the presence of referral networks, provide extensive robustness checks and investigate two rather understudied issues in the literature: (i) what kind of job transition are local referrals associated with (job-to-job or unemployment-to-job), (ii) how has the strength of local referral e ects evolved overtime?
Wage And Employment Adjustment In Local Labor Markets
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Author : Randall W. Eberts
language : en
Publisher: W. E. Upjohn Institute
Release Date : 1992
Wage And Employment Adjustment In Local Labor Markets written by Randall W. Eberts and has been published by W. E. Upjohn Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Business & Economics categories.
Analyses the adjustment patterns of regional labour markets to changing demand between 1973 and 1987.
Essays On Local Labor Markets
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Author : Federica Daniele
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Essays On Local Labor Markets written by Federica Daniele and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
This thesis is composed of three essays in which I analyze how heterogeneity in productivity, either on the worker or on the firm side, interacts with the size of local labor markets and a set of outcomes of interest. In the first chapter, I analyze how the presence of firm-level uncertainty affects consumers and cities. I provide evidence supporting entrepreneurial risk-seeking in the non-tradable sector and that this has the strongest consequences for competition in large cities. I show how a reduction in uncertainty dampened entry and competition, and reduced the attractiveness of consumer cities. In the second chapter, I analyze the role of large firms for local labor market volatility. I provide empirical and narrative evidence supporting the existence of granularity- driven business cycles. I discuss the im-portance of size-dependent policies with respect to the systemic risk externality imposed by large firms on the economy. In the third chapter, I analyze how indi-vidual specialization shapes the urban wage premium. I investigate to what extent changes in specialization have accounted for the divergence in US workers loca-tion choices. I show that the evolution of specialization can explain the increase in between-cities wage inequality for high-skilled workers, while it counteracted the increase in the average skill premium.
Manpower Planning For Local Labor Markets
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Author : Garth L. Mangum
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1974
Manpower Planning For Local Labor Markets written by Garth L. Mangum and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1974 with Business & Economics categories.
Textbook on theory, methodology and techniques of human resources planning for local level labour markets in the USA - includes definitions and covers institutional framework, the functioning of local labour markets, resource allocation, the evaluation of labour force programmes, and their political aspects, etc. Flow charts, graphs, glossary, references and statistical tables.
Essays On The Economics Of Local Labor Markets
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Author : Matt Notowidigdo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Essays On The Economics Of Local Labor Markets written by Matt Notowidigdo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
This thesis studies the economics of local labor markets. There are three chapters in the thesis, and each chapter studies how economic outcomes are affected by local labor market conditions. The first chapter studies the incidence of local labor demand shocks. This chapter starts from the observation that low-skill workers are comparatively immobile. When labor demand slumps in a city, college-educated workers tend to relocate whereas non college workers are disproportionately likely to remain to face declining wages and employment. A standard explanation of these facts is that mobility is more costly for low-skill workers. This chapter proposes and tests an alternative explanation, which is that the incidence of adverse shocks is borne in large part by (falling) real estate rental prices and (rising) social transfers. These factors reduce the real cost of living differentially for low-income workers and thus compensate them, in part or in full, for declining labor demand. I develop a spatial equilibrium model which, appropriately parameterized, identifies both the magnitude of unobserved mobility costs by skill and the shape of the local housing supply curve. Nonlinear reduced form estimates using U.S. Census data document that positive labor demand shocks increase population more than negative shocks reduce population, that this asymmetry is larger for lows kill workers, and that such an asymmetry is absent for wages, housing values, and rental prices. Estimates of the full model using a nonlinear, simultaneous equations GMM estimator suggest that (1) the asymmetric population response is primarily accounted for by an asymmetric housing supply curve, (2) the differential migration response by skill is primarily accounted for by transfer payments, and (3) estimated mobility costs are at most modest and are comparable for high-skill and low-skill workers, suggesting that the primary explanation for the comparative immobility of low-skilled workers is not higher mobility costs per se, but rather a lower incidence of adverse labor demand shocks. The second chapter, written jointly with Daron Acemoglu and Amy Finkelstein, studies how local area health spending responds to permanent changes in local area income. This chapter is motivated by the fact that health expenditures as a share of GDP have more than tripled over the last half century, and a common conjecture is that this is primarily a consequence of rising real per capita income, which more than doubled over the same period. We investigate this hypothesis empirically by instrumenting for local area income with time-series variation in global oil prices between 1970 and 1990 interacted with cross-sectional variation in the oil reserves across different areas of the Southern United States. This strategy enables us to capture both the partial equilibrium and the local general equilibrium effects of an increase in income on health expenditures. Our central estimate is an income elasticity of 0.7, with an elasticity of 1.1 as the upper end of the 95 percent confidence interval. Point estimates from alternative specifications fall on both sides of our central estimate, but are almost always less than 1. We also present evidence suggesting that there are unlikely to be substantial national or global general equilibrium effects of rising income on health spending, for example through induced innovation. Our overall reading of the evidence is that rising income is unlikely to be a major driver of the rising health share of GDP. The third chapter, written jointly with Kory Kroft, studies theoretically and empirically how optimal Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits vary with local labor market conditions. Theoretically, we derive the relationship between the moral hazard cost of UI and the unemployment rate in a standard search model. The model motivates our empirical strategy which tests whether the effect of UI benefits on unemployment durations varies with the local unemployment rate. In our preferred specification, a one standard deviation increase in the local unemployment rate reduces the magnitude of the duration elasticity by 32%. Using this estimate to calibrate the optimal level of UI benefits, we find that a one standard deviation increase in the unemployment rate leads to a 6.4 percentage point increase in the optimal replacement rate. JEL classification: J61, 110, J65.
The Dynamic Effects Of Local Labor Market Shocks On Small Firms In The United States
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Author : Mr. Philip Barrett
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-03-22
The Dynamic Effects Of Local Labor Market Shocks On Small Firms In The United States written by Mr. Philip Barrett and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-03-22 with Business & Economics categories.
We use payroll data on over 1 million workers at 80,000 small firms to construct county-month measures of employment, hours, and wages that correct for dynamic changes in sample composition in response to business cycle fluctuations. We use this to estimate the response of small firms' employment, hours and wages following tighter local labor market conditions. We find that employment and hours per worker fall and wages rise. This is consistent with the predictions of the response to a demand shock in the well-known “jobs ladder” model of labor markets. To check this interpretation, we show our results hold when instrumenting for local demand using county-level Department of Defense contract spending. Correction for dynamic sample bias is important -- without it, the hours fall by only one third as much and wages increase by double.
Unemployment Vacancies And Local Labor Markets
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Author : Harry J. Holzer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Unemployment Vacancies And Local Labor Markets written by Harry J. Holzer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Business & Economics categories.
This monograph studies unemployment in relation to labor market vacancies throughout the United States, using a new set of data: the Survey of Firms from the Employment Opportunity Pilot Project, a labor market experiment conducted by the Department of Labor at 28 sites in 1979 and 1980. The monograph is organized in five chapters. The first chapter introduces the problem and explains the basis for the data analysis. Chapter 2 considers the characteristics of vacancies at the level of the firm. Chapter 3 turns to the relationship between unemployment rates and vacancy rates across local labor markets. Chapter 4 presents data on employment and sales growth for each of the 28 sites. The effects of recent demand shocks on local unemployment rates are then considered, as well as the role of persistent unemployment differences and migration. Chapter 5 contains a summary and conclusions, with implications for policy and further research. The document also includes a 48-item bibliography, an index, 27 tables, and 1 figure. (KC)
Putting Workfare In Place
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Author : Peter Sunley
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2011-07-20
Putting Workfare In Place written by Peter Sunley and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-07-20 with Science categories.
This book is the first comprehensive and authoritative analysis of the New Deal and examines how far the programme has succeeded in responding to the diversity of conditions in local labour markets across the UK. Argues that profound differences in local labour market conditions have exerted a telling influence on the New Deal’s achievements Includes extensive new research data on the current conditions of local labour markets in the UK and local impacts of the New Deal Illustrated by a large series of original maps and figures. Based on numerous interviews with local and regional policy actors.
Local Labor Markets Evidence From A Spatial Job Search Model On Large Scale French Micro Data
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Author : Denis Maguain
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Local Labor Markets Evidence From A Spatial Job Search Model On Large Scale French Micro Data written by Denis Maguain and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
We extend the wage-posting model of Burdett and Mortensen (1998) to space and propose an estimation method for job mobility costs without any prior assumption about the latter or local distributions of job offers. Our structural model introduces job mobility costs, spatial coupling and arbitration between pairs of geographical areas on a forward-looking basis. Costs are defined in a broad sense and hamper job mobility, thus benefiting from remote job opportunities. Distributions of wages within each geographical area and transitions flows are used for identification. Then, we present an application to low-skill workers at the employment zone level using a large administrative dataset (comprehensive DADS) exploited for the first time. We find that geography play an important role, with the existence of local labor markets. First, the spatial barrier bites at very short radius, less than fifty kilometres (thirty miles). Second, job mobility costs are high in average, between e70,000 and e100,000, from 16% to 21% of the reservation utility and represent about 10%-15% of the job value. Third, the latter are highly heterogeneous and asymmetric across locations, from e9,000 to e170,000. Fourth, space costs around e1,100 per kilometre of employment displacement, in consistency with a gravity model.