M1 M2 Macrophages The Arginine Fork In The Road To Health And Disease
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M1 M2 Macrophages The Arginine Fork In The Road To Health And Disease
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Author : Charles Dudley Mills
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-03-23
M1 M2 Macrophages The Arginine Fork In The Road To Health And Disease written by Charles Dudley Mills and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-23 with Immunologic diseases categories.
Macrophages have unique and diverse functions necessary for survival. And, in humans (and other species), they are the most abundant leukocytes in tissues. The Innate functions of macrophages that are best known are their unusual ability to either “Kill” or “Repair”. Since killing is a destructive process and repair is a constructive process, it was stupefying how one cell could exhibit these 2 polar – opposite functions. However, in the late 1980’s, it was shown that macrophages have a unique ability to enzymatically metabolize Arginine to Nitric Oxide (NO, a gaseous non – specific killer molecule) or to Ornithine (a precursor of polyamines and collagen for repair). The dual Arginine metabolic capacity of macrophages provided a functional explanation for their ability to kill or repair. Macrophages predominantly producing NO are called M1 and those producing Ornithine are called M2. M1 and M2 – dominant responses occur in lower vertebrates, and in T cell deficient vertebrates being directly driven by Damage and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP and PAMP). Thus, M1 and M2 are Innate responses that protect the host without Adaptive Immunity. In turn, M1/M2 is supplanting previous models in which T cells were necessary to “activate” or “alternatively activate” macrophages (the Th1/Th2 paradigm). M1 and M2 macrophages were named such because of the additional key findings that these macrophages stimulate Th1 and Th2 – like responses, respectively. So, in addition to their unique ability to kill or repair, macrophages also govern Adaptive Immunity. All of the foregoing would be less important if M1 or M2 – dominant responses were not observed in disease. But, they are. The best example to date is the predominance of M2 macrophages in human tumors where they act like wound repair macrophages and actively promote growth. More generally, humans have become M2 – dominant because sanitation, antibiotics and vaccines have lessened M1 responses. And, M2 dominance seems the cause of ever - increasing allergies in developed countries. Obesity represents a new and different circumstance. Surfeit energy (e.g., lipoproteins) causes monocytes to become M1 dominant in the vessel walls causing plaques. Because M1 or M2 dominant responses are clearly causative in many modern diseases, there is great potential in developing the means to selectively stimulate (or inhibit) either M1 or M2 responses to kill or repair, or to stimulate Th1 or Th2 responses, depending on the circumstance. The contributions here are meant to describe diseases of M1 or M2 dominance, and promising new methodologies to modulate the fungible metabolic machinery of macrophages for better health.
The M2 Macrophage
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Author : Tamás Röszer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-08-03
The M2 Macrophage written by Tamás Röszer and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-03 with Medical categories.
Macrophages are core components of the innate immune system. Once activated, they may have either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects that include pathogen killing, safe disposal of apoptotic cells or tissue renewal. The activation state of macrophages is conceptualized by the so-called M1/M2 model of polarization. M2 macrophages are not simply antagonists of M1 macrophages; rather, they represent a network of tissue resident macrophages with roles in tissue development and organ homeostasis. M2 macrophages govern functions at the interfaces of immunity, tissue development and turnover, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Dysfunction in M2 macrophages can ruin the healthy interplay between the immune system and metabolic processes, and lead to diseases such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, M2 macrophages are essential for healthy tissue development and immunological self-tolerance. Worryingly, these functions of M2 macrophages can also be disrupted, resulting in tumor growth and autoimmunity. This book comprehensively discusses the biology of M2 macrophages, summarizes the current state of knowledge, and highlights key questions that remain unanswered.
Drug Transporters In Drug Disposition Effects And Toxicity
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Author : Xiaodong Liu
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2019-09-30
Drug Transporters In Drug Disposition Effects And Toxicity written by Xiaodong Liu and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-30 with Medical categories.
This book provides with a comprehensive overview of the role of drug transporters in drug disposition and efficacy/toxicity, as well as drug-drug interactions and recent advances in the field. Transporters are known determinants of drug disposition and efficacy/toxicity. In general, they are divided into solute carrier (SLC) and ATP binding cassette (ABC) families, and are located along cell membranes, where they mediate drug uptake into cells and export out of cells. Drug transporters are essential in maintaining cell homeostasis, and their gene mutations may cause or contribute to severe human genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, neurological disease, retinal degeneration, anemia, and cholesterol and bile transport defects. Conversely, some diseases may also alter transporter functions and expressions, in turn aggravating disease process. Further, since over-expression of some ABC transporters is a potential contributor to multidrug-resistance (MDR), the book presents a number of strategies to overcome MDR, including ABC transporter inhibitors and applying epigenetic methods to modulate transporter expressions and functions. This book is useful for graduate students and professionals who are looking to refresh or expand their knowledge of this exciting field.
Food Safety
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Author : Richard J. Marshall
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2006-12-22
Food Safety written by Richard J. Marshall and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-12-22 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Food Safety: A Practical and Case Study Approach, the first volume of the ISEKI-Food book series, discusses how food quality and safety are connected and how they play a significant role in the quality of our daily lives. Topics include methods of food preservation, food packaging, benefits and risks of microorganisms and process safety.
Molecular Diagnostics
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Author : Lela Buckingham
language : en
Publisher: F. A. Davis Company
Release Date : 2012
Molecular Diagnostics written by Lela Buckingham and has been published by F. A. Davis Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Medical categories.
The first text on molecular diagnostics specifically designed for clinical laboratory science programs is back! This exceptional resource introduces the fundamentals of nucleic acid, as well as more advanced concepts. With a focus on the application of molecular concepts in the clinical laboratory to diagnosis diseases, the 2nd Edition includes important updates and improvements to keep up with the rapidly developing field. Inside youll find in-depth explanations of the principles of molecular-based assays as well as reference material, trouble-shooting tips for the laboratory, and discussions that emphasize the continuing emergence of new diagnostic technologies.
Review Of Medical Physiology
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Author : William F. Ganong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Review Of Medical Physiology written by William F. Ganong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Human physiology categories.
This review presents anatomic considerations, physiology and clinical examples. Ganong begins with an introduction to the cellular basis of medical physiology, and cell physiology is interwoven into the text where applicable.