The M2 Macrophage
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The M2 Macrophage
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Author : Tamás Röszer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-08-03
The M2 Macrophage written by Tamás Röszer and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-03 with Medical categories.
Macrophages are core components of the innate immune system. Once activated, they may have either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects that include pathogen killing, safe disposal of apoptotic cells or tissue renewal. The activation state of macrophages is conceptualized by the so-called M1/M2 model of polarization. M2 macrophages are not simply antagonists of M1 macrophages; rather, they represent a network of tissue resident macrophages with roles in tissue development and organ homeostasis. M2 macrophages govern functions at the interfaces of immunity, tissue development and turnover, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Dysfunction in M2 macrophages can ruin the healthy interplay between the immune system and metabolic processes, and lead to diseases such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, M2 macrophages are essential for healthy tissue development and immunological self-tolerance. Worryingly, these functions of M2 macrophages can also be disrupted, resulting in tumor growth and autoimmunity. This book comprehensively discusses the biology of M2 macrophages, summarizes the current state of knowledge, and highlights key questions that remain unanswered.
M1 M2 Macrophages The Arginine Fork In The Road To Health And Disease
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Author : Charles Dudley Mills
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-03-23
M1 M2 Macrophages The Arginine Fork In The Road To Health And Disease written by Charles Dudley Mills and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-23 with Immunologic diseases categories.
Macrophages have unique and diverse functions necessary for survival. And, in humans (and other species), they are the most abundant leukocytes in tissues. The Innate functions of macrophages that are best known are their unusual ability to either “Kill” or “Repair”. Since killing is a destructive process and repair is a constructive process, it was stupefying how one cell could exhibit these 2 polar – opposite functions. However, in the late 1980’s, it was shown that macrophages have a unique ability to enzymatically metabolize Arginine to Nitric Oxide (NO, a gaseous non – specific killer molecule) or to Ornithine (a precursor of polyamines and collagen for repair). The dual Arginine metabolic capacity of macrophages provided a functional explanation for their ability to kill or repair. Macrophages predominantly producing NO are called M1 and those producing Ornithine are called M2. M1 and M2 – dominant responses occur in lower vertebrates, and in T cell deficient vertebrates being directly driven by Damage and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP and PAMP). Thus, M1 and M2 are Innate responses that protect the host without Adaptive Immunity. In turn, M1/M2 is supplanting previous models in which T cells were necessary to “activate” or “alternatively activate” macrophages (the Th1/Th2 paradigm). M1 and M2 macrophages were named such because of the additional key findings that these macrophages stimulate Th1 and Th2 – like responses, respectively. So, in addition to their unique ability to kill or repair, macrophages also govern Adaptive Immunity. All of the foregoing would be less important if M1 or M2 – dominant responses were not observed in disease. But, they are. The best example to date is the predominance of M2 macrophages in human tumors where they act like wound repair macrophages and actively promote growth. More generally, humans have become M2 – dominant because sanitation, antibiotics and vaccines have lessened M1 responses. And, M2 dominance seems the cause of ever - increasing allergies in developed countries. Obesity represents a new and different circumstance. Surfeit energy (e.g., lipoproteins) causes monocytes to become M1 dominant in the vessel walls causing plaques. Because M1 or M2 dominant responses are clearly causative in many modern diseases, there is great potential in developing the means to selectively stimulate (or inhibit) either M1 or M2 responses to kill or repair, or to stimulate Th1 or Th2 responses, depending on the circumstance. The contributions here are meant to describe diseases of M1 or M2 dominance, and promising new methodologies to modulate the fungible metabolic machinery of macrophages for better health.
Macrophage Activation
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Author : Khalid Hussain Bhat
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2020-03-25
Macrophage Activation written by Khalid Hussain Bhat and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-03-25 with Medical categories.
Macrophages are the sentinels of the immune system whose role has evolved beyond providing aseptic conditions to homeostasis, immune regulation, development, and behaviour. These cells have varied ontogenetic origins which reflects in their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. Macrophage functions are fine-tuned by exogenous and endogenous signals and once tweaked, the information is included in their genetic makeup, albeit not indefinitely. Subversion of the macrophage functions is the hallmark of many pathogenic organisms and modulation of macrophage activity is pivotal to many therapeutic strategies. Fascinating and rapid developments in this field have necessitated the maintenance of currency of knowledge. This book provides a current account of information on varied topics in macrophage biology. Literature surveys have been presented in a captivating and lucid language. The contributing authors have also provided brief accounts of their own research. Every chapter provides a future perspective of what more could be achieved in the context of the current knowledge. The book will be of interest to students and researchers in microbiology, immunobiology, translational research, pathology, and related fields.
Macrophages In The Human Body
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Author : Niels Olson Saraiva Camara
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2022-06-08
Macrophages In The Human Body written by Niels Olson Saraiva Camara and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-06-08 with Medical categories.
Through recent research, there has been a significant number of findings involving the biology of macrophages. Beyond the 1st line of defense, macrophages have several specific characteristics across different tissues, organs, and systems. Macrophages comprehend a heterogeneous phagocytic population with wide range phenotypes, and tissue-specific functions, such as bone resorption, extracellular matrix production, red blood cells and bacteria removal, among others. Through innate immune receptors macrophages can modulate several pathways that culminate in the production of various types of inflammatory mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, oxygen reactive species, and lipid mediators which ultimately altered the behavior of other cells. Moreover, environment signals modify and induce metabolic reprograming that it alters phenotype and functions.Macrophages in the Human Body: A Tissue Level Approach presents a current overview of the diversity of macrophages across multiple human body systems, their phenotype, function and metabolic characteristics. It covers translational aspects where there is research support to indicate the therapeutic potential. Covers translational aspects where there is research support to indicate potential therapeutic potential Aims at presenting a current overview of the diversity of macrophages across multiple human body systems, their phenotype, function and metabolic characteristics Introduces Macrophages generally and dive into the organ/tissue/specific representations covering their phenotype, function, and metabolic characteristics Brings updated aspects of macrophages biology
Macrophages Biology And Role In The Pathology Of Diseases
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Author : Subhra K. Biswas
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-11-12
Macrophages Biology And Role In The Pathology Of Diseases written by Subhra K. Biswas and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-12 with Medical categories.
Macrophages are a key component of the innate immune system and play an integral role in host defense and homeostasis. On one hand, these cells contribute to host defence by triggering inflammation, displaying microbicidal/tumoricidal properties, regulating the activation of adaptive immunity and promoting resolution of inflammation. On the other hand, they contribute to essential trophic functions such as neural patterning, bone morphogenesis and ductal branching in mammary glands. Thus, macrophages are extremely versatile cells that can respond efficiently to tissue micro environmental cues by polarizing to distinct phenotypes, depending on the functions they need to perform. Indeed, functional diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of these cells. Macrophages may also play a detrimental role. An overwhelming body of literature has indicated their crucial role in pathogenesis. The list includes sepsis, cancer, metabolic syndrome, immunodeficiency, auto-immune disease-virtually impacting every major pathology that we know. These observations have suggested macrophages and their related molecules as potential targets in therapeutic applications. Available evidence proclaims macrophages as a key player in homeostasis, host defense and disease. Crucial developments in the past few years call for a re-evaluation and update of our understanding of macrophages. The present book is an endeavour that attempts provide state-of-the art knowledge of these cells in health and disease.
Macrophages
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Author : Hridayesh Prakash
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2021-02-24
Macrophages written by Hridayesh Prakash and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-24 with Medical categories.
This book is a collection of chapters that discuss methodologies, resources, and technologies by dedicated authors. This book has addressed the significance of macrophages in infectious disease, tumor metabolism, and muscular disorders. All chapters have focused on the fate of differentiated macrophages and discussed molecular pathways that are important for the pathologic role of macrophages. I am confident that our readers will find this book useful in designing immune mediated strategies for managing various diseases that this book is based on.
Plasticity Of Monocytes Macrophages Phenotypic Changes During Disease Progression
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Author : Ruoxi Yuan
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-12-07
Plasticity Of Monocytes Macrophages Phenotypic Changes During Disease Progression written by Ruoxi Yuan and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-07 with Medical categories.
Macrophage is a key component of innate immunity that exhibit extensive plasticity and heterogeneity. They are present in virtually every organ of the body and can be replenished by circulating monocytes following insults. Originally macrophages were divided into two major phenotypes: pro-inflammatory M1, which is initiated by TNF-α, INF-γ, and bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and anti-inflammatory M2, which is activated through stimulation of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. However, segregation into two distinct phenotypes is a marked simplification of the in vivo reality and it is now widely accepted that macrophage phenotype is plastic and determined by highly complex microenvironments, and therefore likely more accurately considered as a spectrum of possible forms of activation. Numerous studies have documented flexibility in their programming, with macrophages switching from one functional phenotype to another in response to the variable microenvironmental signals of the local milieu. Various macrophage populations exist that play distinct and non-redundant roles in fibrosis, tissue repair, and regeneration. For instance, in a general wound healing process, embryo-derived tissue-resident macrophages are rapidly replaced by monocytes after the initial injury. These monocyte-derived macrophages play an active role in the early initiation of acute inflammation. As early as 24–72 h upon tissue injury, macrophage function changes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype that promotes cell proliferation and tissue remodeling. Upon resolution of inflammation, steady-state self-maintenance of macrophages is also recovered. The wound microenvironment has a predominant role in the behavior and functionality of cells. Both mouse and human diabetic wound preferably induce persistent proinflammatory macrophage polarization that contributes to chronic, non-healing wounds. Contrastingly, prolonged activation of M2 macrophages can also lead to excessive wound healing and ultimately fibrosis. In the context of cancer, anti-inflammatory macrophages have been associated with tumor progression and immunosuppression, thereby negatively affecting the prognosis of patients. On the other hand, studies also showed that the phenotypical changes of macrophages are also accompanied by changes in glycolysis and mitochondrial-related genes as well. Classically activated, proinflammatory M1 macrophages depend to a large extent on glycolysis and produce lactate as the tricarboxylic acid cycle is blocked at two steps. Alternatively, activated M2 macrophages prefer β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP. However, the number and diversity of signals and the magnitude of the response required to switch macrophages into a pro or anti-inflammatory state remain unclear. A number of techniques have been developed over the years to identify and visualize cell populations, uncover regulatory relationships between genes, and track the trajectories of distinct cell lineages in development. The identification of mechanisms and molecules associated with macrophage plasticity and polarized activation provides a basis for macrophage-centered diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Understanding and being able to controllable promote the desired macrophage phenotypes could have a significant impact on a wide range of diseases.
Macrophages
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Author : Vijay Kumar
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2022-12-14
Macrophages written by Vijay Kumar and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-12-14 with Medical categories.
Macrophages were first discovered in 1882 when Elia Metchnikoff recognized them as important phagocytic cells that can engulf any foreign material, including fungal spores. This discovery has proved to be a milestone in establishing the field of innate immunity. Macrophages are still ruling the area after 140 years of their discovery. This book explores the diverse role of macrophages in vertebrate immunity, parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections, regeneration, inflammation, and neurological diseases.
Transcriptional Regulation Of Macrophage Function
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Author : Marten A. Hoeksema
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-12-26
Transcriptional Regulation Of Macrophage Function written by Marten A. Hoeksema and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-26 with Medical categories.
Macrophages Biology And Tissue Inflammation In Health And Disease
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Author : Stuart Goodman
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2024-07-10
Macrophages Biology And Tissue Inflammation In Health And Disease written by Stuart Goodman and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-07-10 with Medical categories.
Macrophages Biology and Tissue Inflammation in Health and Disease outlines the important role of macrophages—keys cells in the innate immune system—as regulators and orchestrators of inflammation and repair in health and disease. It contains chapters by leading authors on the basic and translational aspects of macrophage biology, covering how to maintained tissue homeostatis and how to deal with internal and external biological threats. Outlines the important role of macrophages as regulators and orchestrators of inflammation and repair in health and disease Contains chapters by leading authors on the basic and translational aspects of macrophage biology in maintaining tissue homeostasis Deals with internal and external treats