Mathematical Predictive Models For Cooling Ponds And Lakes
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Mathematical Predictive Models For Cooling Ponds And Lakes
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Author : Gerhard H. Jirka
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1978
Mathematical Predictive Models For Cooling Ponds And Lakes written by Gerhard H. Jirka and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Cooling ponds categories.
Passive Solar Buildings
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Author : J. Douglas Balcomb
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1992
Passive Solar Buildings written by J. Douglas Balcomb and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Science categories.
Describes developments in passive solar technology that will save time, energy, and resources in planning for the buildings of the future.This companion to Passive Cooling and Solar Building Architecture (volumes 8 and 9) describes developments in passive solar technology that will save time, energy, and resources in planning for the buildings of the future. It is filled with tips and useful research for architects and designers and includes three substantial chapters on general modeling. Passive solar heating works. Properly designed and constructed, it is cost-effective, practical, comfortable, and aesthetic. Balcomb's introductory remarks set the tone for the rest of the contributions, which describe the considerable record of achievements in passive solar heating. Balcomb summarizes and evaluates the era between 1976 and 1983 when most of the major developments took place and highlights the design features that have contributed to effective buildings. Three chapters cover modeling passive systems (applicable to both heating and cooling), and six chapters focus on the application of passive solar heating, with emphasis on components, analytical results for specific systems, test modules, subsystem integration into buildings, performance monitoring and results, and design tools.J. Douglas Balcomb is a Principal Engineer with the Solar Energy Research Institute.
Energy Research Abstracts
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1982
Energy Research Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with Power resources categories.
An Analytical And Experimental Study Of Transient Cooling Pond Behavior
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Author : Patrick J. Ryan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973
An Analytical And Experimental Study Of Transient Cooling Pond Behavior written by Patrick J. Ryan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973 with Cooling ponds categories.
Cooling ponds offer many advantages as a means of closed cycle heat dissipation. These are simplicity, low maintenance.and power requirements, aesthetic and possible recreational values, and high thermal inertia. A cooling pond is also subject to minimal environmental problems, since fogging tends to be localized, blowdown water can be stored for long periods, and make-up water requirements are intermittent and often lower than for other closed systems. In s~pite of the above advantages it is presently estimated that less than one third of the closed cycle power stations. built in the next 30 years, will utilize cooling ponds. One reason for this is lack of land, but another reason is the lack of confidence in the ability of existing models to predict cooling pond performance under transient heat loads and meteorological conditions. The use of simple steady state models and various commonly used assumptions as to surface heat loss and circulation patterns can lead to differences of at least 100% in the predicted required land area. Physical models have severe limitations, and this uncertainty in design often results in the rejection of the cooling pond alternative, which may be a mistake from economic, aesthetic and environmental considerations. An analytical and experimental investigation of cooling ponds is conducted. The guiding principle of this investigation is that a cooling pond can be designed on a rational basis only if the desired pond behavior is first clearly defined and the important mechanisms of heat transfer both within the pond itself, and at the water surface, are isolated and quantified. An efficient pond has been defined in terms of maximum surface heat transfer and maximum response time; this leads to the requirement that a pond be capable of sustaining a vertical temperature stratification, that entrance mixing be a minimum, and that a skimmer wall intake be used. The various components of heat transfer at a water surface are discussed, and existing empirical formulae are reviewed. Existing formulae for predicting evaporative flux from an artificially heated water surface are found to be unsatisfactory. Field data indicates that commonly used formulae may predict evaporative losses that are too low by as much as 50% for a heavily loaded water surface. A new formulae is proposed which explicitly accounts for mass transfer due to free convection. This can be very significant at low wind speeds. The proposed formula for evaporative flux performs well both in the laboratory and the field. The effect of entrance mixing and density currents on both the steady state and transient behavior of a cooling pond is examined in the laboratory,,and where possible laboratory results are supported by field observations. It is concluded that the reduction of entrance mixing is a very significant factor in improving the pond performance. In a stratified pond density currents can be of paramount importance in distributing the heat to backwater areas, thus making the pond performance essentially independent of shape. Steady state analytical models and a numerical transient model for the prediction of cooling pond performance are developed. The steady state models demonstrate the effect of entrance mixing and different circulation patterns. The major components of the transient model are a relatively thin surface region with horizontal temperature gradients overlying a deeper subsurface region with vertical temperature gradients. The entrance mixing is determined using the Stolzenbach- Harleman surface jet model, and the M.I.T. reservoir model is used to simulate the subsurface behavior. Output is given in terms of transient surface temperature distribution (area under isotherms), transient vertical temperature distribution, and transient intake temperatures. The transient model has been tested in the laboratory, and against five years of field data on two ponds with completely different characteristics, with very satisfactory results. The input data required by the transient model are that which are available before the pond is built, i.e. the model is predictive. The transient mathematical model is relatively simple and inexpensive, with an execution time of less than 1 minute per simulated year on an IBM 370/155. Thus the model can be used as a design tool, or as a component of a management model which compares different heat disposal alternatives. Design considerations, such as design of outlet and intake, the use of internal diking, and the use of physical models are briefly discussed, and a design approach is recommended.
Nbs Special Publication
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Nbs Special Publication written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Weights and measures categories.
Optimized Combined Operation Of A Cooling Pond And Cooling Tower System For Condenser Cooling At A Steam Cycle Power Plant
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Author : Jörg Kirchhoff
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Optimized Combined Operation Of A Cooling Pond And Cooling Tower System For Condenser Cooling At A Steam Cycle Power Plant written by Jörg Kirchhoff and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with categories.
Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Final Reports Of Principal Investigators
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990
Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Final Reports Of Principal Investigators written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Continental shelf categories.
Evaporation Into The Atmosphere
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Author : W. Brutsaert
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Evaporation Into The Atmosphere written by W. Brutsaert and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.
The phenomenon of evaporation in the natural environment is of interest in various diverse disciplines. This book is an attempt to present a coherent and organized introduction to theoretical concepts and relationships useful in analyzing this phe nomenon, and to give an outline of their history and their application. The main objective is to provide a better understanding of evaporation, and to connect some of the approaches and paradigms, that have been developed in different disciplines concerned with this phenomenon. The book is intended for professional scientists and engineers, who are active in hydrology, meteorology, agronomy, oceanography, climatology and related environ mental fields, and who wish to study prevailing concepts on evaporation. At the same time, I hope that the book will be useful to workers in fluid dynamics, who want to become acquainted with applications to an important and interesting natural phenomenon. As suggested in its subtitle, the book consists of three major parts. The first, consisting of Chapters I and 2, gives a general ouline of the problem and a history of the theories of evaporation from ancient times through the end of the nineteenth century. This history is far from exhaustive, but it sket~hes the background and the ideas that led directly to the scientific revolution in Europe and, ultimately, to our present-day knowledge.
Clinton Power Station Unit 1 Operation
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1982
Clinton Power Station Unit 1 Operation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with categories.
Hydraulic Research In The United States And Canada 1974
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Author : Pauline H. Gurewitz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Hydraulic Research In The United States And Canada 1974 written by Pauline H. Gurewitz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Fluid mechanics categories.