Minimally Invasive Electro Optical Neural Probes For Interfacing With Optogenetic Networks

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Minimally Invasive Electro Optical Neural Probes For Interfacing With Optogenetic Networks

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Author : spencer patrick ward
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020

Minimally Invasive Electro Optical Neural Probes For Interfacing With Optogenetic Networks written by spencer patrick ward and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.

The increasing expected lifespan is causing a higher prevalence of neurological diseases. These diseases carry an emotional and economical cost that can not be neglected by society. Key to understanding and treating these diseases are the recording and stimulating technologies available to researchers and clinicians. While metal electrodes are the oldest recording technology utilized, recent developments in optics have allowed biologists to understand nervous system function on a new level. In the past decade, engineers have begun to combine both electrical and optical modalities into a single device to increase the amount of information gained from recording and stimulation. A limiting factor for all of these implantable devices is the body's immune system response, which results in dead tissue surrounding the implant in less than 6 months. Designing a multimodal device which reduces immune response is a solution sought after in the neuroscience field. While some purely electrical devices have begun to show reduced immune response by reducing device size, there has not been a multimodal device on these size scales. This dissertation combines microfabrication techniques with small optical cores to create a minimally invasive implantable device which can perform optical and electrical interrogation of the nervous system. Chapter 2 addresses the electrical and optical challenges associated with scaling these technologies to small dimensions. Strategies to overcome these issues are described along with trade-offs of different materials used in fabrication. Chapter 3 takes these fabricated devices and looks at limitation for inserting them into tissue. Due to limitations in size, device mechanical failure is modeled as a function of each fabrication layer added to the device. These characterized devices were then tested on brain and spinal cord tissue samples to determine the maximum device length before device failure. Chapter 4 takes all of the lessons learned in fabrication and characterization to create devices which are then tested \textit{in vivo}. We are able to demonstrate that a single device can concomitantly optically stimulate neurons in the cortex and electrically record action potentials. Through immunohistology we demonstrate a negligible immune response for devices after implantation of 6 days: a critical time point in the immune system response. These results show promise for scaling this technology into arrays that can interface with larger regions of the brain.

Advancing Electro Optical Minimally Invasive Microprobes For Chronic Interfacing With Deep Intrinsic Neural Circuits

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Author : Zhiwar Firooz Hassan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023

Advancing Electro Optical Minimally Invasive Microprobes For Chronic Interfacing With Deep Intrinsic Neural Circuits written by Zhiwar Firooz Hassan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.

Worldwide, neurological diseases are the second most prevalent cause of death. In addition to the loss of life, neurological diseases also present public health and care access issues due to astronomical costs associated with treatment and follow-up care related to various side effects. To better understand and treat neurological diseases, scientists seek to build technologies that can stimulate and record cells on a neuronal level. This is particularly challenging when studying neurons, as researchers are unable to distinguish individual cell differences within the neuronal clusters by their activity. Since 2005, advancements in genetic modifications and optics have given scientists new lanes of research and therapy in neuroscience. For this purpose, scientists have successfully engineered probes with the ability to optically stimulate and electrically record neurons. However, they have found that these probes failed shortly after implantation due to immune system responses. To overcome these limitations, researchers have shown that scaling down the size of the microelectrodes to less than the Soma body of the neuron reduces failure rates and increases the life of probes. Building on their discoveries, in this thesis we study the electrical and mechanical properties of the electro-optical Flex probe (EO-Flex) with a smaller size than the Soma body and the intervention of the neuron system on the scale of a single neuron. The EO-Flex probe was designed, fabricated, and characterized in the Sirbuly Lab at the University of California San Diego by graduate student Spencer Ward Ph.D., with the study of the stability of the metal layer in the probes and their mechanical buckling force by graduate student Zhiwar Hassan M.S. candidate. Chapter 2 addresses the electrical properties and stability of utilized metals in coaxial layers of two different sets of platinum and iridium oxide fabricated probes. Chapter 3 determines the buckling mode of various probe lengths from 100 [mu]m to 1mm and their ability to withstand the maximum force of insertion before failing.

Multifunctional Neural Probes For Electrochemical Sensing Chemical Delivery And Optical Stimulation

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Author : Ximiao Wen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018

Multifunctional Neural Probes For Electrochemical Sensing Chemical Delivery And Optical Stimulation written by Ximiao Wen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.

Implantable neural probes are one of the most important technologies for neuroscientists to detect and stimulate neural activities inside the brain to advance the understanding of brain function and behavior, especially in the deep brain regions where other non-invasive approaches cannot reach. With the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in the past few decades, a great amount of efforts has been made to improve the neural probes to provide reliable and versatile tools to enable neuroscience studies that otherwise impossible to conduct. In this dissertation, I focused on three important objectives to improve the current neural probe platform: 1) to incorporate optical stimulation capability on top of the current silicon-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with electrochemical sensing function for optogenetics applications; 2) to integrate microfluidic channels with the current silicon platform for chemical deliveries; and 3) to develop a soft neural probe to reduce the brain damage and foreign body response. All the probes developed in this work are capable of deep brain implantation (>5 mm) and equipped with various electrochemical biosensors to study neural activities in deep brain regions. For the first objective, an ultra-thin silicon nitride waveguide was integrated on top of the silicon probe using grating couplers to couple light in and out of the waveguide. PECVD silicon nitride film was optimized to reduce the waveguide propagation loss to ~ 3dB/cm at 450 nm wavelength. The probe is capable of delivering ~40 W light power to the probe tip with ~2 mW input light power from a 3 m polarization maintaining optical fiber coupled with a pigtailed laser diode. The average light intensity is ~200 mW/mm2 which is sufficient for Channelrhodopsin-2 excitation. Using this probe, we have detected optically-evoked glutamate release in the rat nucleus accumbens several weeks after injection of channelrhodopsin-expressing AAV into the above region. For the second objective, PDMS microfluidic channels were transferred to the front and backside of the current Si probes using a novel PDMS thin-film transfer process. With this process, microfluidic channels can be easily bonded to Si probes as an add-on module to provide a simple solution to integrate chemical delivery functions into existing silicon-based probes, providing another level of control of the brain activities. Local injection of drug solution with nanoliter precision can be controlled by the pumping pressure and duration. The system was validated in vivo by local glucose injection through the fluidic channel and detection by biosensors in rat striatum. For the third objective, a multifunctional neural probe with Ultra-Large Tunable Stiffness (ULTS) was developed for chemical sensing, delivery and deep brain implantation, whose stiffness can be tuned by 5 orders of magnitude before and after brain implantation. ULTS probe is stiff enough to penetrate 2 cm deep into a gel with similar mechanical properties as the brain tissue and becomes soft and flexible within few minutes to minimize brain damage due to the brain movements in all directions. With appropriate coatings, the electrodes on ULTS were converted into different biosensors which exhibits similar sensing performance as previous Si probes. The integration of microfluidic channels permits delivery of chemicals in the local vicinity of the sensing sites. Acute stimulation and sensing experiments were conducted in rats, in which potassium induced glutamate release was recorded demonstrating the capability of in vivo application. The chronic immune response was compared between ULTS and silicon probes with similar geometry, which shows a reduced immune response indicated by the lower astrocytes density around ULTS.

Optical Neural Interfaces

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Author : Massimo De Vittorio
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019

Optical Neural Interfaces written by Massimo De Vittorio and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Integration Of Neural Optical Recording And Stimulation On Minimally Invasive Deep Brain Implantable Cmos

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Author : Adriaan Johannes Taal
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022

Integration Of Neural Optical Recording And Stimulation On Minimally Invasive Deep Brain Implantable Cmos written by Adriaan Johannes Taal and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.

This thesis describes the development of a minimally invasive integrated platform for all-optical neural stimulation and measurement (OptoSAM). The OptoSAM platform is a single mixed-signal complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip. After design, the chip is postprocessed to contain the necessary optical filters and emitters to enable both fluorescent detection and neural stimulation. Finally, the chip is packaged in a probe form factor for minimally-invasive implantation into neural tissue. The thesis describes how the OptoSAM is engineered for two applications: optical fluorescent imaging on one hand and optogenetic stimulation on the other. For either application, constraints and tradeoffs are described that guide design specifications. For fluorescent neural detection, this thesis focuses on improvements made in lens-less image reconstruction and optical filtering. It describes circuit design for the lens-less, filter-less fluorescent imaging subsystem and characterizes the resulting imaging performance.

Lab On Fiber Technology

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Author : Andrea Cusano
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-07-29

Lab On Fiber Technology written by Andrea Cusano and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-29 with Science categories.

This book focuses on a research field that is rapidly emerging as one of the most promising ones for the global optics and photonics community: the “lab-on-fiber” technology. Inspired by the well-established "lab on-a-chip" concept, this new technology essentially envisages novel and highly functionalized devices completely integrated into a single optical fiber for both communication and sensing applications. Based on the R&D experience of some of the world's leading authorities in the fields of optics, photonics, nanotechnology, and material science, this book provides a broad and accurate description of the main developments and achievements in the lab-on-fiber technology roadmap, also highlighting the new perspectives and challenges to be faced. This book is essential for scientists interested in the cutting-edge fiber optic technology, but also for graduate students.

Nanotechnology And Neuroscience Nano Electronic Photonic And Mechanical Neuronal Interfacing

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Author : Massimo De Vittorio
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-09-03

Nanotechnology And Neuroscience Nano Electronic Photonic And Mechanical Neuronal Interfacing written by Massimo De Vittorio and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-03 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book describes the use of modern micro- and nanofabrication technologies to develop improved tools for stimulating and recording electrical activity in neuronal networks. It provides an overview of the different ways in which the “nano-world” can be beneficial for neuroscientists, including improvement of mechanical adhesion of cells on electrodes, tight-sealed extracellular recordings or intracellular approaches with strongly reduced invasiveness and tools for localized electrical or optical stimulation in optogenetics experiments. Specific discussion of fabrication strategies is included, to provide a comprehensive guide to develop micro and nanostructured tools for biological applications. A perspective on integrating these devices with state-of-the-art technologies for large-scale in vitro and in vivo experiments completes the picture of neuronal interfacing with micro- and nanostructures.

Development Of Neural Probes Using Thermal Drawing

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Author : Andrés Canales
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017

Development Of Neural Probes Using Thermal Drawing written by Andrés Canales and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.

The treatment of neurodegenerative and neurological conditions relies on better understanding the system that they afflict. However, the tools currently available to probe neural circuits are often limited to use in short-term studies primarily due to poor of biocompatibility. To address this challenge, flexible, minimally invasive neural probes were fabricated using a thermal drawing process, with polymers serving as their main structural constituent. Through the use of different polymers, probes containing arrays of tin electrodes as small as 5 [mu]m were fabricated, as were probes combining capabilities for electrical recording, optical stimulation, and drug delivery. A technique was developed to combine functionalities of these devices into a single probe to study the effect of optical stimulation with different waveforms on the brain activity. To break the longitudinal symmetry inherent to probes fabricated using the thermal drawing process, and to allow the incorporation of functionalities along the probe length, a method to combine thermal drawing with a method commonly used to fabricate neural probes, photolithography, was developed, along with the selection of the polymer that would allow consecutive processing using these two techniques. All of the fabricated probes were characterized and tested in vivo by implantation into mice and assessing their functionality. High signal-to-noise ratio (13±6) recordings were obtained using multielectrode arrays. Recordings of neural activity during simultaneous optical stimulation and drug delivery were performed with multifunctional probes. Hybrid probes combining metal electrodes with a polymer waveguide were used to study the response of large groups of neurons to different forms of optical stimuli. Most importantly, the biocompatibility of these probes was assessed over a 3 month period and compared favorably to that of steel microwires of similar size.

Neural Interface Engineering

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Author : Liang Guo
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-05-04

Neural Interface Engineering written by Liang Guo and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-04 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book provides a comprehensive reference to major neural interfacing technologies used to transmit signals between the physical world and the nervous system for repairing, restoring and even augmenting body functions. The authors discuss the classic approaches for neural interfacing, the major challenges encountered, and recent, emerging techniques to mitigate these challenges for better chronic performances. Readers will benefit from this book’s unprecedented scope and depth of coverage on the technology of neural interfaces, the most critical component in any type of neural prostheses. Provides comprehensive coverage of major neural interfacing technologies; Reviews and discusses both classic and latest, emerging topics; Includes classification of technologies to provide an easy grasp of research and trends in the field.

The Chemistry Of Inorganic Biomaterials

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Author : Christopher Spicer
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2021-08-18

The Chemistry Of Inorganic Biomaterials written by Christopher Spicer and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-18 with Science categories.

This book overviews the underlying chemistry behind the most common and cutting-edge inorganic materials in current use, or approaching use, in vivo.