One Hundred Years At The Intersection Of Chemistry And Physics
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One Hundred Years At The Intersection Of Chemistry And Physics
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Author : Jeremiah James
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2011-10-27
One Hundred Years At The Intersection Of Chemistry And Physics written by Jeremiah James and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-27 with Science categories.
This volume, occasioned by the centenary of the Fritz Haber Institute, formerly the Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, covers the institute's scientific and institutional history from its founding until the present. The institute was among the earliest established by the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, and its inauguration was one of the first steps in the development of Berlin-Dahlem into a center for scientific research. Its establishment was made possible by an endowment from Leopold Koppel, granted on the condition that Fritz Haber, well-known for his discovery of a method to synthesize ammonia from its elements, be made its director. The history of the institute has largely paralleled that of 20th-century Germany. It undertook controversial weapons research during World War I, followed by a "Golden Era" during the 1920s, in spite of financial hardships. Under the National Socialists it experienced a purge of its scientific staff and a diversion of its research into the service of the new regime, accompanied by a breakdown in its international relations. In the immediate aftermath of World War II it suffered crippling material losses, from which it recovered slowly in the post-war era. In 1953, shortly after taking the name of its founding director, the institute joined the fledgling Max Planck Society. During the 1950s and 60s, the institute supported diverse researches into the structure of matter and electron microscopy in a territorially insular and politically precarious West-Berlin. In subsequent decades, as both Berlin and the Max Planck Society underwent significant changes, the institute reorganized around a board of coequal scientific directors and a renewed focus on the investigation of elementary processes on surfaces and interfaces, topics of research that had been central to the work of Fritz Haber and the first "Golden Era" of the institute.
One Hundred Years Of Chemical Warfare Research Deployment Consequences
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Author : Bretislav Friedrich
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-11-26
One Hundred Years Of Chemical Warfare Research Deployment Consequences written by Bretislav Friedrich and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-26 with History categories.
This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. On April 22, 1915, the German military released 150 tons of chlorine gas at Ypres, Belgium. Carried by a long-awaited wind, the chlorine cloud passed within a few minutes through the British and French trenches, leaving behind at least 1,000 dead and 4,000 injured. This chemical attack, which amounted to the first use of a weapon of mass destruction, marks a turning point in world history. The preparation as well as the execution of the gas attack was orchestrated by Fritz Haber, the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Berlin-Dahlem. During World War I, Haber transformed his research institute into a center for the development of chemical weapons (and of the means of protection against them). Bretislav Friedrich and Martin Wolf (Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, the successor institution of Haber’s institute) together with Dieter Hoffmann, Jürgen Renn, and Florian Schmaltz (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science) organized an international symposium to commemorate the centenary of the infamous chemical attack. The symposium examined crucial facets of chemical warfare from the first research on and deployment of chemical weapons in WWI to the development and use of chemical warfare during the century hence. The focus was on scientific, ethical, legal, and political issues of chemical weapons research and deployment — including the issue of dual use — as well as the ongoing effort to control the possession of chemical weapons and to ultimately achieve their elimination. The volume consists of papers presented at the symposium and supplemented by additional articles that together cover key aspects of chemical warfare from 22 April 1915 until the summer of 2015.
A Hundred Years Of Chemistry
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Author : Alexander Findlay
language : en
Publisher: Humanities Press International
Release Date : 1965
A Hundred Years Of Chemistry written by Alexander Findlay and has been published by Humanities Press International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1965 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
Molecular Beams In Physics And Chemistry
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Author : Bretislav Friedrich
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-06-19
Molecular Beams In Physics And Chemistry written by Bretislav Friedrich and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-19 with Science categories.
This Open Access book gives a comprehensive account of both the history and current achievements of molecular beam research. In 1919, Otto Stern launched the revolutionary molecular beam technique. This technique made it possible to send atoms and molecules with well-defined momentum through vacuum and to measure with high accuracy the deflections they underwent when acted upon by transversal forces. These measurements revealed unforeseen quantum properties of nuclei, atoms, and molecules that became the basis for our current understanding of quantum matter. This volume shows that many key areas of modern physics and chemistry owe their beginnings to the seminal molecular beam work of Otto Stern and his school. Written by internationally recognized experts, the contributions in this volume will help experienced researchers and incoming graduate students alike to keep abreast of current developments in molecular beam research as well as to appreciate the history and evolution of this powerful method and the knowledge it reveals.
The Scientific World Of Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer
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Author : Kathleen L. Housley
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-09-05
The Scientific World Of Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer written by Kathleen L. Housley and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-05 with History categories.
In twentieth-century Germany, Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer rose to prominence as a brilliant physical chemist, even as several of his relatives—Dietrich Bonhoeffer among them—became involved in the resistance to Hitler, leading to their executions. This book traces the entanglement of science, religion, and politics in the Third Reich and in the lives of Karl-Friedrich, his family and his colleagues, including Fritz Haber and Werner Heisenberg. Nominated for the Nobel Prize, Karl-Friedrich was an expert on heavy water, a component of the atomic bomb. During the war, he was caught in the middle between relatives who were trying to kill Hitler and friends who were helping Hitler build a nuclear weapon. Karl-Friedrich emerges as a complex figure—an agnostic whose brother was a renowned theologian, and a chemist who both reluctantly advised German nuclear scientists and collaborated with Paul Rosbaud, a spy for the British. Illuminating the uneasy position of science in twentieth-century Germany, The Scientific World of Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer is the story of a man in love with chemistry, his family, and his nation, trying to do right by all of them in the midst of chaos.
Closing The Door On Globalization Internationalism Nationalism Culture And Science In The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries
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Author : Cláudia Ninhos
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-10-05
Closing The Door On Globalization Internationalism Nationalism Culture And Science In The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries written by Cláudia Ninhos and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-05 with History categories.
This is a book about the tensions and entangled interactions between internationalism and nationalism, and about the effects both had on European scientific and cultural settings from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. From chemistry to philology the essays tackle different historical case studies exploring how the paths taken by science and culture during the period were affected by nationalism and internationalism.
The Gas Mask In Interwar Germany
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Author : Peter Thompson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2023-04-30
The Gas Mask In Interwar Germany written by Peter Thompson and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-04-30 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Exploring the history of the gas mask in Germany from 1915 to the eve of the Second World War, Peter Thompson traces how chemical weapons and protective technologies like the gas mask produced new relationships to danger, risk, management and mastery in the modern age of mass destruction. Recounting the apocalyptic visions of chemical death that circulated in interwar Germany, he argues that while everyday encounters with the gas mask tended to exacerbate fears, the gas mask also came to symbolize debates about the development of military and chemical technologies in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. He underscores how the gas mask was tied into the creation of an exclusionary national community under the Nazis and the altered perception of environmental danger in the second half of the twentieth century. As this innovative new history shows, chemical warfare and protection technologies came to represent poignant visions of the German future.
The Synthetic Nitrogen Industry In World War I
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Author : Anthony S. Travis
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-07-03
The Synthetic Nitrogen Industry In World War I written by Anthony S. Travis and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-03 with Science categories.
This concise brief describes how the demands of World War I, often referred to as the Chemists’ War, led to the rapid emergence of a new key industry based on fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Then, as now, nitrogen products, including nitric acid, and nitrates, were essential for both fertilizers and in the manufacture of modern explosives. During the first decade of the twentieth century, this stimulated research into and application of novel processes. This book illustrates how from late 1914 the relations and developments in the first modern military-industrial complex enabled the great capital expenditures and technological advances that accelerated massive expansion, particularly of the BASF Haber-Bosch high-pressure process, that determined the direction of the post-war chemical industry.
The Lost Scientists Of World War Ii
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Author : David Charles Clary
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2024-02-08
The Lost Scientists Of World War Ii written by David Charles Clary and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-02-08 with Science categories.
This book tells the stories of scientists from Germany and other European countries who vanished during World War II. These erudite scholars contributed to diverse scientific fields and were associated with some of the world's leading universities and research institutions. Despite their proficiency, they all sought help from agencies to relocate to the UK in the 1930s, but were unable to secure the necessary assistance.The Lost Scientists of World War II explores the fascinating narratives of thirty of these scientific refugees, delving into the reasons behind the unavailability of aid and presenting fresh insights into the tragic fates or astounding survival experiences of these individuals.
Materializing The Foundations Of Quantum Mechanics
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Author : Climério Paulo da Silva Neto
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-05-24
Materializing The Foundations Of Quantum Mechanics written by Climério Paulo da Silva Neto and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-24 with Science categories.
This book offers a history of the instrumentation used to materialize the early thought experiments devised in the Einstein-Bohr disputes over the foundations of quantum mechanics. It shows how the second world war and cold war fostered the development of materials, instruments, and systems that made it possible to create, manipulate, and detect single quantum systems, thus creating the material conditions for experiments in foundations of quantum mechanics and for a broad spectrum of experimental inquiries on the structure and properties of matter which underlay the creation of new research fields such as quantum optics, quantum information, and atomic, molecular, and optical physics. Discussing research and development performed in diverse contexts, this book reveals how physicists carried instruments, and the knowledge they embodied, through disciplinary and geographic frontiers to probe entanglement, a most intriguing feature of the quantum world.