Optical Systems For Soft X Rays

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Optical Systems For Soft X Rays

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Author : A.G. Michette
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Optical Systems For Soft X Rays written by A.G. Michette and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.

A fundamental problem in cell biology is the cause of aging. The solution to this problem has not yet been obtained because,(l) until recently, it was not possible to image living cells directly. The use of low-energy (soft) X rays has made such imaging possible, perhaps thereby allowing the aging process to be understood and possibly overcome (a result that may well generate further social, moral, and ethical problems). Fortun ately this is not the only aspect of cell biology amenable to soft X-ray imaging, and it is envisaged that many less controversial studies--such as investigations of the detailed differences between healthy and diseased or malignant cells (in their natural states) and processes of cell division and growth-will be made possible. The use of soft X rays is not limited to biological studies-many applications are possible in, for example, fusion research, materials science, and astronomy. Such studies have only recently begun in earnest because several difficulties had to be overcome, major among these being the lack (for some purposes) of sufficiently intense sources, and the technological difficulties associated with making efficient optical systems. As is well known, the advent of dedicated synchrotron radiation sources, in particular, has alleviated the first of these difficulties, not just for the soft X-ray region. It is the purpose of this book to consider progress in the second.

Optical Systems For Soft X Rays

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Author : A.G. Michette
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1884

Optical Systems For Soft X Rays written by A.G. Michette and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1884 with Science categories.

A fundamental problem in cell biology is the cause of aging. The solution to this problem has not yet been obtained because,(l) until recently, it was not possible to image living cells directly. The use of low-energy (soft) X rays has made such imaging possible, perhaps thereby allowing the aging process to be understood and possibly overcome (a result that may well generate further social, moral, and ethical problems). Fortun ately this is not the only aspect of cell biology amenable to soft X-ray imaging, and it is envisaged that many less controversial studies--such as investigations of the detailed differences between healthy and diseased or malignant cells (in their natural states) and processes of cell division and growth-will be made possible. The use of soft X rays is not limited to biological studies-many applications are possible in, for example, fusion research, materials science, and astronomy. Such studies have only recently begun in earnest because several difficulties had to be overcome, major among these being the lack (for some purposes) of sufficiently intense sources, and the technological difficulties associated with making efficient optical systems. As is well known, the advent of dedicated synchrotron radiation sources, in particular, has alleviated the first of these difficulties, not just for the soft X-ray region. It is the purpose of this book to consider progress in the second.

Soft X Ray Optics

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Author : Eberhard Spiller
language : en
Publisher: SPIE Press
Release Date : 1994

Soft X Ray Optics written by Eberhard Spiller and has been published by SPIE Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Medical categories.

This text describes optics mainly in the 10 to 500 angstrom wavelength region. These wavelengths are 50 to 100 times shorter than those for visible light and 50 to 100 times longer than the wavelengths of medical x rays or x-ray diffraction from natural crystals. There have been substantial advances during the last 20 years, which one can see as an extension of optical technology to shorter wavelengths or as an extension of x-ray diffraction to longer wavelengths. Artificial diffracting structures like zone plates and multilayer mirrors are replacing the natural crystals of x-ray diffraction. Some of these structures can now be fabricated to have diffraction-limited resolution. The new possibilities are described in a simple, tutorial way.

Optical Systems For Synchrotron Radiation

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1986

Optical Systems For Synchrotron Radiation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with categories.

The history and present techniques of soft x-ray imaging are reviewed briefly. The physics of x-ray imaging is described, including the temporal and spatial coherence of x-ray sources. Particular technologies described are: contact x-ray microscopy, zone plate imaging, scanned image zone plate microscopy, scanned image reflection microscopy, and soft x-ray holography and diffraction. (LEW).

Wolter 1 Type X Ray Mirror System With Mean Resolution And Maximum Effective Collecting Area For The Spectral Region Of 1 10 Nm

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985

Wolter 1 Type X Ray Mirror System With Mean Resolution And Maximum Effective Collecting Area For The Spectral Region Of 1 10 Nm written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Astronomical spectroscopy categories.

Grazing Incidence And Multilayer X Ray Optical Systems

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Author : Richard B. Hoover
language : en
Publisher: SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering
Release Date : 1997

Grazing Incidence And Multilayer X Ray Optical Systems written by Richard B. Hoover and has been published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Nature categories.

Multilayer And Grazing Incidence X Ray Euv Optics

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992

Multilayer And Grazing Incidence X Ray Euv Optics written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Grazing incidence categories.

X Ray Optics For Bes Light Source Facilities

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013

X Ray Optics For Bes Light Source Facilities written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.

Each new generation of synchrotron radiation sources has delivered an increase in average brightness 2 to 3 orders of magnitude over the previous generation. The next evolution toward diffraction-limited storage rings will deliver another 3 orders of magnitude increase. For ultrafast experiments, free electron lasers (FELs) deliver 10 orders of magnitude higher peak brightness than storage rings. Our ability to utilize these ultrabright sources, however, is limited by our ability to focus, monochromate, and manipulate these beams with X-ray optics. X-ray optics technology unfortunately lags behind source technology and limits our ability to maximally utilize even today's X-ray sources. With ever more powerful X-ray sources on the horizon, a new generation of X-ray optics must be developed that will allow us to fully utilize these beams of unprecedented brightness. The increasing brightness of X-ray sources will enable a new generation of measurements that could have revolutionary impact across a broad area of science, if optical systems necessary for transporting and analyzing X-rays can be perfected. The high coherent flux will facilitate new science utilizing techniques in imaging, dynamics, and ultrahigh-resolution spectroscopy. For example, zone-plate-based hard X-ray microscopes are presently used to look deeply into materials, but today's resolution and contrast are restricted by limitations of the current lithography used to manufacture nanodiffractive optics. The large penetration length, combined in principle with very high spatial resolution, is an ideal probe of hierarchically ordered mesoscale materials, if zone-plate focusing systems can be improved. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) probes a wide range of excitations in materials, from charge-transfer processes to the very soft excitations that cause the collective phenomena in correlated electronic systems. However, although RIXS can probe high-energy excitations, the most exciting and potentially revolutionary science involves soft excitations such as magnons and phonons; in general, these are well below the resolution that can be probed by today's optical systems. The study of these low-energy excitations will only move forward if advances are made in high-resolution gratings for the soft X-ray energy region, and higher-resolution crystal analyzers for the hard X-ray region. In almost all the forefront areas of X-ray science today, the main limitation is our ability to focus, monochromate, and manipulate X-rays at the level required for these advanced measurements. To address these issues, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) sponsored a workshop, X-ray Optics for BES Light Source Facilities, which was held March 27-29, 2013, near Washington, D.C. The workshop addressed a wide range of technical and organizational issues. Eleven working groups were formed in advance of the meeting and sought over several months to define the most pressing problems and emerging opportunities and to propose the best routes forward for a focused R & D program to solve these problems. The workshop participants identified eight principal research directions (PRDs), as follows: Development of advanced grating lithography and manufacturing for high-energy resolution techniques such as soft X-ray inelastic scattering. Development of higher-precision mirrors for brightness preservation through the use of advanced metrology in manufacturing, improvements in manufacturing techniques, and in mechanical mounting and cooling. Development of higher-accuracy optical metrology that can be used in manufacturing, verification, and testing of optomechanical systems, as well as at wavelength metrology that can be used for quantification of individual optics and alignment and testing of beamlines. Development of an integrated optical modeling and design framework that is designed and maintained specifically for X-ray optics. Development of nanolithogra ...

Diffraction X Ray Optics

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Author : A.I. Erko
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1996

Diffraction X Ray Optics written by A.I. Erko and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Science categories.

Diffraction X-ray Optics provides a systematic description of the performance and mathematical properties of diffraction x-ray optical elements based upon artificially made microstructures. This description is presented both theoretically (using kinematic diffraction theory and classical optics) and experimentally (including details of the experimental verification of theoretical data). The microstructures which are considered include: plane zone plates, two and three dimensional gratings, multilayer mirrors and three dimensional Fresnel structures. The book also includes a detailed description of the main principles, technology and applications of both Bragg-Fresnel multilayer optics and x-ray Fourier optics. Special attention is paid to coherent phenomena in the x-ray region, x-ray holography and Bragg-Fresnel optics and with chapters covering absorption and refraction, planar diffraction, volume holography, fabrication techniques and microscopy this book will prove a useful sourcebook to both researchers and development engineers in the field.

Advances In Laboratory Based X Ray Sources And Optics

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002

Advances In Laboratory Based X Ray Sources And Optics written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Grenz rays categories.