Paradoxical Effects Of Immune Cells On The Enteric Nervous System In Intestinal Inflammation
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Paradoxical Effects Of Immune Cells On The Enteric Nervous System In Intestinal Inflammation
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Paradoxical Effects Of Immune Cells On The Enteric Nervous System In Intestinal Inflammation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
Inflammatory bowel disease causes structural and functional alterations in the enteric nervous system (ENS). Since the onset of intestinal inflammation involves the activation of resident immune cells as well as rapid influx of infiltrating cells, we proposed that changes in the ENS are a result of the release of toxic inflammatory factors. We hypothesized that early damage to the ENS in inflammation is caused by harmful levels of nitric oxide (NO) generated by the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) found in immune cells. This was assessed in the 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-model of colitis in rats. Large increases in infiltrating granulocytes, particularly neutrophils and blood-derived monocytes were found in the muscularis layers adjacent to the ENS. A rapid increase in iNOS immunoreactivity in the muscularis regions during early stages of inflammation (6 - 24 hr) was observed. Whether high NO levels generated by chemical donors could be toxic to neurons was tested in a co-culture model of myenteric neurons, smooth muscle and glia enzymatically isolated from neonatal rats. Exposure of co-cultures to NO for 48 hr resulted in significant, concentration dependent decrease in neuron survival. We then developed a model that permitted the direct study of immune cell interactions with myenteric neurons. Myenteric neurons were co-cultured with activated peritoneal immune cells that expressed iNOS and generated high NO levels (49 + 6.2æM) for 48 hr. This caused significant neuronal death, reducing neuron number by 19 + 5%, and disruption of axons. Pre-treatment of immune cells with a selective iNOS-inhibitor, L-NIL resulted in neuron numbers that were not significantly different from control (96 + 2%) suggesting that NO played a central role in mediating the damaging effects of immune cells. Lastly, when direct contact between immune cells and neurons was prevented in the previous experiment through use of trans-wells, unanticipated neurotrophic.
The Effects Of Immune Cells And Inflammation On Smooth Muscle And Enteric Nerves
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Author : Jr. Snape
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2020-02-05
The Effects Of Immune Cells And Inflammation On Smooth Muscle And Enteric Nerves written by Jr. Snape and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-05 with Medical categories.
This book provides the first comprehensive review of research that addresses the immunomodulation of gastrointestinal motility. Results from this new field of research are important for understanding motility disturbances and symptom-generation in a variety of clinical gastroenterological problems, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, enteric infections, and food allergies. The book provides overviews on current perspectives regarding the nature of inflammatory processes, inflammatory mediators, and other immune factors. It also describes a variety of experimental approaches that have been used to study the interactions between immune cells and smooth muscle or enteric nerves. The approaches include in vivo, as well as in vitro studies. Researchers involved in the general field of immunophysiology, as well as the more specific fields of gastrointestinal motility and inflammatory bowel diseases will find this book to be invaluable in their research.
Geriatric Gastroenterology
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Author : C. S. Pitchumoni
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-07-26
Geriatric Gastroenterology written by C. S. Pitchumoni and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-07-26 with Medical categories.
As aging trends in the United States and Europe in particular are strongly suggestive of increasingly older society, it would be prudent for health care providers to better prepare for such changes. By including physiology, disease, nutrition, pharmacology, pathology, radiology and other relevant associated topics, Geriatric Gastroenterology fills the void in the literature for a volume devoted specifically to gastrointestinal illness in the elderly. This unique volume includes provision of training for current and future generations of physicians to deal with the health problems of older adults. It will also serve as a comprehensive guide to practicing physicians for ease of reference. Relevant to the geriatric age group, the volume covers epidemiology, physiology of aging, gastrointestinal physiology, pharmacology, radiology, pathology, motility disorders, luminal disorders, hepato-biliary disease, systemic manifestations, neoplastic disorders, gastrointestinal bleeding, cancer and medication related interactions and adverse events, all extremely common in older adults; these are often hard to evaluate and judge, especially considering the complex aging physiology. All have become important components of modern medicine. Special emphasis is be given to nutrition and related disorders. Capsule endoscopy and its utility in the geriatric population is also covered. Presented in simple, easy to read style, the volume includes numerous tables, figures and key points enabling ease of understanding. Chapters on imaging and pathology are profusely illustrated. All chapters are written by specialists and include up to date scientific information. Geriatric Gastroenterology is of great utility to residents in internal medicine, fellows in gastroenterology and geriatric medicine as well as gastroenterologists, geriatricians and practicing physicians including primary care physicians caring for older adults.
The Canadian Journal Of Gastroenterology
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
The Canadian Journal Of Gastroenterology written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Gastroenterology categories.
Colonic Motility
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Author : Sushil K. Sarna
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2010-11-01
Colonic Motility written by Sushil K. Sarna and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-01 with Medical categories.
Three distinct types of contractions perform colonic motility functions. Rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) cause slow net distal propulsion with extensive mixing/turning over. Infrequently occurring giant migrating contractions (GMCs) produce mass movements. Tonic contractions aid RPCs in their motor function. The spatiotemporal patterns of these contractions differ markedly. The amplitude and distance of propagation of a GMC are several-fold larger than those of an RPC. The enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells are the core regulators of all three types of contractions. The regulation of contractions by these mechanisms is modifiable by extrinsic factors: CNS, autonomic neurons, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and stress mediators. Only the GMCs produce descending inhibition, which accommodates the large bolus being propelled without increasing muscle tone. The strong compression of the colon wall generates afferent signals that are below nociceptive threshold in healthy subjects. However, these signals become nociceptive; if the amplitudes of GMCs increase, afferent nerves become hypersensitive, or descending inhibition is impaired. The GMCs also provide the force for rapid propulsion of feces and descending inhibition to relax the internal anal sphincter during defecation. The dysregulation of GMCs is a major factor in colonic motility disorders: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diverticular disease (DD). Frequent mass movements by GMCs cause diarrhea in diarrhea predominant IBS, IBD, and DD, while a decrease in the frequency of GMCs causes constipation. The GMCs generate the afferent signals for intermittent short-lived episodes of abdominal cramping in these disorders. Epigenetic dysregulation due to adverse events in early life is one of the major factors in generating the symptoms of IBS in adulthood.
Immunity In Compromised Newborns
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Author : Per T. Sangild
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2021-09-14
Immunity In Compromised Newborns written by Per T. Sangild and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-14 with Medical categories.
Immunopharmacology Of The Gastrointestinal System
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Author : John L. Wallace
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 1993-03-01
Immunopharmacology Of The Gastrointestinal System written by John L. Wallace and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993-03-01 with Medical categories.
Diseases of the digestive system have a higher morbidity rate than any other group of disorder. There is a growing body of evidence that the immune system participates in the pathogenesis of a wide range of these diseases, including peptic ulcer disease and the gastropathy induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). For these reasons, efforts to develop novel therapies for digestive diseases are increasingly focused on the immune system. This volume reviews the immunopharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract at four distinct levels: Immunomodulation at a cellular level Cellular targers for immunomodulating drugs Specific classes of inflammatory mediators Utility and mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Enteric Glia
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Author : Brian D. Gulbransen
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2014-07-01
Enteric Glia written by Brian D. Gulbransen and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-01 with Medical categories.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex neural network embedded in the gut wall that orchestrates the reflex behaviors of the intestine. The ENS is often referred to as the “little brain” in the gut because the ENS is more similar in size, complexity and autonomy to the central nervous system (CNS) than other components of the autonomic nervous system. Like the brain, the ENS is composed of neurons that are surrounded by glial cells. Enteric glia are a unique type of peripheral glia that are similar to astrocytes of the CNS. Yet enteric glial cells also differ from astrocytes in many important ways. The roles of enteric glial cell populations in the gut are beginning to come to light and recent evidence implicates enteric glia in almost every aspect of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. However, elucidating the exact mechanisms by which enteric glia influence gastrointestinal physiology and identifying how those roles are altered during gastrointestinal pathophysiology remain areas of intense research. The purpose of this e-book is to provide an introduction to enteric glial cells and to act as a resource for ongoing studies on this fascinating population of glia. Table of Contents: Introduction / A Historical Perspective on Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia: The Astroglia of the Gut / Molecular Composition of Enteric Glia / Development of Enteric Glia / Functional Roles of Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia and Disease Processes in the Gut / Concluding Remarks / References / Author Biography
Surgical Pathology Of Non Neoplastic Gastrointestinal Diseases
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Author : Lizhi Zhang
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-06-24
Surgical Pathology Of Non Neoplastic Gastrointestinal Diseases written by Lizhi Zhang and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-24 with Medical categories.
This book covers the entire spectrum of non-neoplastic diseases within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract including new entities, recent developments, and questions that arise in the practice of GI pathology. The text is organized by specific organ site, with related disorders of each organ site subgrouped into several chapters based on their common features. Pathologists can quickly find the disorders they are interested and review similar disorders in the same chapter to help them make a correct diagnosis. Each major and common entity is described in detail with its definition, clinical features, pathological features (covering both the gross and microscopic details), differential diagnosis and treatment/prognosis. All chapters also highlight the use of special/immunohistochemical stains and other supporting studies as needed with a focus on providing a practical differential diagnosis rather than just a list of potential associations. This book is extensively illustrated with both gross and microscopic images that act as an integral part of the information provided in the text. Written by practicing GI/liver pathologists and gastroenterologists from the Mayo Clinic, Surgical Pathology of Non-neoplastic Gastrointestinal Diseases serves as a comprehensive yet practical guide for diagnostic surgical pathologists with a passion for GI pathology.
Molecular Basis Of Health And Disease
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Author : Undurti N. Das
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-04-02
Molecular Basis Of Health And Disease written by Undurti N. Das and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-04-02 with Medical categories.
The book describes how the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules is related to health and disease. It is suggested that many diseases are initiated and their progress is influenced by inflammatory molecules and a decrease in the production and/or action of anti-inflammatory molecules and this imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules seems to have been initiated in the perinatal period. This implies that strategies to prevent and manage various adult diseases should start in the perinatal period. An alteration in the metaolism of essential fatty acids and their anti-inflammatory molecules such as lipoxins, resolvins, protecitns, maresins and nitrolipids seems to play a major role in the pathobiology of several adult diseases. Based on these concepts, novel therapeutic approaches in the management of insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cancer, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and other auto-immune diseases are presented. Based on all these evidences, a unified concept that several adult diseases are due to an alteration in the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules is discussed and novel methods of their management are presented.