Photon Counting Fundamentals And Applications
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Photon Counting
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Author : Nikolay Britun
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2018-03-21
Photon Counting written by Nikolay Britun and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-21 with Science categories.
Photon counting is a unified name for the techniques using single-photon detection for accumulative measurements of the light flux, normally occurring under extremely low-light conditions. Nowadays, this approach can be applied to the wide variety of the radiation wavelengths, starting from X-ray and deep ultraviolet transitions and ending with far-infrared part of the spectrum. As a special tribute to the photon counting, the studies of cosmic microwave background radiation in astronomy, the experiments with muon detection, and the large-scale fundamental experiments on the nature of matter should be noted. The book provides readers with an overview on the fundamentals and state-of-the-art applications of photon counting technique in the applied science and everyday life.
Photon Counting Fundamentals And Applications
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Author : Anton Nikiforov
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Photon Counting Fundamentals And Applications written by Anton Nikiforov and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Optics. Light categories.
Photon counting is a unified name for the techniques using single-photon detection for accumulative measurements of the light flux, normally occurring under extremely low-light conditions. Nowadays, this approach can be applied to the wide variety of the radiation wavelengths, starting from X-ray and deep ultraviolet transitions and ending with far-infrared part of the spectrum. As a special tribute to the photon counting, the studies of cosmic microwave background radiation in astronomy, the experiments with muon detection, and the large-scale fundamental experiments on the nature of matter should be noted. The book provides readers with an overview on the fundamentals and state-of-the-art applications of photon counting technique in the applied science and everyday life.
Photon Counting Concepts And Applied Principles
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Author : Ivan Russo
language : en
Publisher: States Academic Press
Release Date : 2021-11-16
Photon Counting Concepts And Applied Principles written by Ivan Russo and has been published by States Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-16 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The technique of counting individual photons using single photon detectors is referred to as photon counting. Every time a photon is detected, a signal pulse is emitted by the single photon detectors. The counting efficiency of the device is determined by the quantum efficiency and electronic losses which are inherent in the system. The magnitude of pulses counted gives the total number of photons detected. Photodetectors are classified into Geiger counters, photomultipliers, scintillation counters, single photon avalanche diodes and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Photon detection finds applications in many fields such as quantum information science, medical imaging, fiber optic communication, DNA sequencing, astrophysics and materials science. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to photon counting. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.
Single Photon Counting
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Author : Mark A. Itzler
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Single Photon Counting written by Mark A. Itzler and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Time Correlated Single Photon Counting
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Author : Desmond O'Connor
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2012-12-02
Time Correlated Single Photon Counting written by Desmond O'Connor and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Science categories.
Time-correlated Single Photon Counting has been written in the hope that by relating the authors' experiences with a variety of different single photon counting systems, they may provide a useful service to users and potential users of this formidably sensitive technique. Of all the techniques available to obtain information on the rates of depopulation of excited electronic singlet states of molecular species, monitoring of fluorescence provides, in principle, the simplest and most direct measure of concentration. This volume comprises eight chapters, with the first focusing on the time dependence and applications of fluorescence. Succeeding chapters go on to discuss basic principles of the single photon counting lifetime measurement; light sources; photomultipliers; electronics; data analysis; nanosecond time-resolved emission spectroscopy; time dependence of fluorescence anisotropy. This book will be of interest to practitioners in the field of chemistry.
Single Photon Imaging
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Author : Peter Seitz
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2011-08-03
Single Photon Imaging written by Peter Seitz and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-03 with Science categories.
The acquisition and interpretation of images is a central capability in almost all scientific and technological domains. In particular, the acquisition of electromagnetic radiation, in the form of visible light, UV, infrared, X-ray, etc. is of enormous practical importance. The ultimate sensitivity in electronic imaging is the detection of individual photons. With this book, the first comprehensive review of all aspects of single-photon electronic imaging has been created. Topics include theoretical basics, semiconductor fabrication, single-photon detection principles, imager design and applications of different spectral domains. Today, the solid-state fabrication capabilities for several types of image sensors has advanced to a point, where uncoooled single-photon electronic imaging will soon become a consumer product. This book is giving a specialist ́s view from different domains to the forthcoming “single-photon imaging” revolution. The various aspects of single-photon imaging are treated by internationally renowned, leading scientists and technologists who have all pioneered their respective fields.
Advanced Time Correlated Single Photon Counting Techniques
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Author : Wolfgang Becker
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2005-12-19
Advanced Time Correlated Single Photon Counting Techniques written by Wolfgang Becker and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-12-19 with Science categories.
In 1984 Desmond O’Connor and David Phillips published their comprehensive book „Time-correlated Single Photon Counting“. At that time time-correlated s- gle photon counting, or TCSPC, was used primarily to record fluorescence decay functions of dye solutions in cuvettes. From the beginning, TCSPC was an am- ingly sensitive and accurate technique with excellent time-resolution. However, acquisition times were relatively slow due to the low repetition rate of the light sources and the limited speed of the electronics of the 70s and early 80s. Moreover, TCSPC was intrinsically one-dimensional, i.e. limited to the recording of the wa- form of a periodic light signal. Even with these limitations, it was a wonderful te- nique. More than 20 years have elapsed, and electronics and laser techniques have made impressive progress. The number of transistors on a single chip has approximately doubled every 18 months, resulting in a more than 1,000-fold increase in compl- ity and speed. The repetition rate and power of pulsed light sources have increased by about the same factor.
Advanced Time Correlated Single Photon Counting Applications
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Author : Wolfgang Becker
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Advanced Time Correlated Single Photon Counting Applications written by Wolfgang Becker and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
This book is an attempt to bridge the gap between the instrumental principles of multi-dimensional time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) and typical applications of the technique. Written by an originator of the technique and by sucessful users, it covers the basic principles of the technique, its interaction with optical imaging methods and its application to a wide range of experimental tasks in life sciences and clinical research. The book is recommended for all users of time-resolved detection techniques in biology, bio-chemistry, spectroscopy of live systems, live cell microscopy, clinical imaging, spectroscopy of single molecules, and other applications that require the detection of low-level light signals at single-photon sensitivity and picosecond time resolution.
High Resolution Imaging
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Author : Swapan K. Saha
language : en
Publisher: Pan Stanford
Release Date : 2015-01-28
High Resolution Imaging written by Swapan K. Saha and has been published by Pan Stanford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-28 with Science categories.
Interferometric observations need snapshots of very high time resolution of the order of (i) frame integration of about 100 Hz or (ii) photon-recording rates of several megahertz (MHz). Detectors play a key role in astronomical observations, and since the explanation of the photoelectric effect by Albert Einstein, the technology has evolved rather fast. The present-day technology has made it possible to develop large-format complementary metal oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) and charge-coupled device (CCD) array mosaics, orthogonal transfer CCDs, electron-multiplication CCDs, electron-avalanche photodiode arrays, and quantum-well infrared (IR) photon detectors. The requirements to develop artifact-free photon shot noise-limited images are higher sensitivity and quantum efficiency, reduced noise that includes dark current, read-out and amplifier noise, smaller point-spread functions, and higher spectral bandwidth. This book aims to address such systems, technologies and design, evaluation and calibration, control electronics, scientific applications, and results. One of the fastest growing applications is signal sensing, especially wavefront sensing for adaptive optics and fringe tracking for interferometry, which is important for long-baseline optical interferometry. The coherence time of the atmosphere is a highly variable parameter. Depending upon the high velocity wind, it varies from 1 ms to 0.1 s. The exposure times are to be selected accordingly, to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, as well as to freeze the fringe pattern. A large-format photon-counting system, which is an essential tool in the application of optical interferometric imaging, allows accurate photon centroiding and provides the dynamic range needed for measurements of source characteristics. The advent of high-quantum efficiency photon-counting systems vastly increases the sensitivity of high-resolution imaging techniques. Such systems raise the hope of making diffraction-limited images of objects as faint as ~15–16 m_v (visual magnitude). This book deals with the fundamentals of the important aspects of high-resolution imaging, such as electromagnetic radiations, particularly, optical wavelengths and their distortions due to optical elements and Earth’s atmosphere while passing through a detector; semiconductor physics; lasers; fiber optics; photon-detection process; photodetectors; charge-transfer devices; photon-counting devices in visible wavelength; radiation detectors in infrared wavelengths; and detecting systems for high energies.
Very Fast Photon Counting Photometers For Astronomical Applications
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Author : Enrico Verroi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Very Fast Photon Counting Photometers For Astronomical Applications written by Enrico Verroi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.