Regulation Of Neuronal Polarity In C Elegans By Toe 2 And Wnt Signaling
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Regulation Of Neuronal Polarity In C Elegans By Toe 2 And Wnt Signaling
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Author : Mark Andrew Gurling
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Regulation Of Neuronal Polarity In C Elegans By Toe 2 And Wnt Signaling written by Mark Andrew Gurling and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Cellular polarization is an important aspect of neural development. During the development of the C. elegans nervous system, many divisions are asymmetric and give rise to neurons and cells that die. While we understand how cells die in C. elegans, we know much less about how cells are instructed to adopt the apoptotic fate. To address this issue, I studied the Q.p neuroblast, which divides to produce a larger anterior cell and a smaller posterior cell that dies. The surviving Q.p daughter divides again to form the neurons A/PVM and SDQ. A forward-genetic screen for mutants with extra A/PVMs in order to identify genes that regulate the apoptotic fate was conducted previously in the lab. A mutant, gm389, was isolated. In gm389, I identified a mutation in the gene toe-2, which encodes a target of the worm ERK ortholog, MPK-1. I found that TOE-2 not only regulates the apoptotic fate of the posterior Q.p daughter, but it also plays a role in the asymmetric division of Q, the mother of Q.p. I found that TOE-2 functions autonomously in the Q lineage where it regulates several asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs). I also show that, during Q lineage cell divisions, TOE-2 localizes to centrosomes, to the posterior cortex and at the site where the cleavage furrow will form. Cellular polarization is also required for the function of mature neurons. The function of a neuron is facilitated by its distinct morphology. Electrical signals are propagated along neuronal processes that extend from the cell body to form connections with muscle cells, sensory structures or other neurons. In vitro studies of developing neurons have shown that a neuronal process forms at random from one of many smaller processes protruding from the developing cell. Many intracellular molecules necessary for this process have been identified. However, many neurons display invariant polarity in vivo, suggesting specific regulation of the polarization process by external signals. Wnts and Frizzled receptors have been shown to direct polarization of mechanosensory neurons along the C. elegans anterior/posterior (AP) axis. It was shown that ectopic expression of MIG-1 in PLM reverses PLM polarity. I show that ectopic expression of the cysteine-rich domain of MIG-1 in PLM is not sufficient to cause a polarity reversal. I also show that the activity of MIG-1 in PLM is dependent upon the Wnt EGL-20.
Regulation Of Neuronal Polarity By Wnt Signaling
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Author : Kathleen Jones
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Regulation Of Neuronal Polarity By Wnt Signaling written by Kathleen Jones and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Thesis categories.
Wnts are highly conserved secreted glycoproteins that function in many developmental processes. Cell surface receptors, including the Frizzleds (Fz), ROR, and RYK families of proteins, bind Wnts to activate a number of downstream pathways. Wnts act redundantly to regulate the anteroposterior polarity of mechanosensory neurons ALM and PLM in C. elegans (Hilliard and Bargmann, 2006; Prasad and Clark, 2006). With the exception of one wnt/fz pair (lin-44/lin-17) the specific interactions between Wnt ligands and cell surface receptors in this process are unknown. A genetic screen was undertaken to identify genes that function in the pathway of either of two Wnts (egl-20 and cwn-1) known to determine ALM polarity. New alleles of cwn-1/wnt, lin-44/wnt and lin-17/fz were isolated as well as a mutation that affects both ALM and PLM polarity. Expression of PLR-1 in the mechanosensory neurons caused polarity defects indicating that Fz can influence their polarity. mom-5/fz RNAi generated polarity defects in both ALM and PLM supporting its involvement in this process. cfz-2/fz;lin-17 double mutants were found to enhance the ALN cell fate defects observed in lin-17 mutants. Finally the transgenic lines expressing PLR-1 in the mechanosensory neurons were crossed with cam-1 mutants enhancing the ALM defects in one line, and with lin-18 mutants attenuating the PLM polarity defects in both lines. This suggests that lin-18 and cam-1 might function in a signaling or regulatory capacity in ALM and PLM polarization.
Regulation Of Neuronal Development By Wnt Signaling In The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans
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Author : Chun-Liang Pan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Regulation Of Neuronal Development By Wnt Signaling In The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans written by Chun-Liang Pan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
The Role Of Wnt Signaling In C Elegans Neuronal Development
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Author : Shih-Chieh Chien
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
The Role Of Wnt Signaling In C Elegans Neuronal Development written by Shih-Chieh Chien and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Cellular polarization is critical for many stages of neuronal development, including the asymmetric division of the neuroblast and the axon-dendrite specification of the mature neuron. In C. elegans, Wnt glycoproteins control the polarization of the ALM mechanosensory neurons, but the molecules that mediate Wnt signaling are unclear. I found that the Ror kinase CAM-1, which has been shown to bind to Wnts, is required for ALM polarity. CAM-1 acts in the ALM to promote its polarity and CAM-1 may also have a non-autonomous function in sequestering Wnts. Furthermore, I implicated actin regulators unc-34 and two known components of the Rac pathway, ced-10/Rac and mig-10/lamellipodin, in ALM polarity. Expression of unc-34 and mig-10 from a neuron-specific promoter unc-86 significantly rescued the ALM polarity defect, indicating these genes can function in the neurons. Lastly, I identified that the MIG-15 kinase, a member of the Ste20 kinase superfamily, and potential components of a MIG-15 signaling pathway that might be novel Wnt effectors in neuronal polarity. Wnts also regulate the asymmetric cell divisions (ACD) of many non-neuronal cell types and the Q neuroblast lineage (Teuliere & Garriga, unpublished observation). The molecules that mediate Wnt signaling in ACD in the Q lineage are unclear. One possible candidate is PIG-1, which is orthologous to vertebrate MELK and belongs to a family of serine/threonine kinases including PAR-1, SAD-1 and AMPK (Cordes et al., 2006). This group of kinases can be phosphorylated and activated by the polarity-regulating kinase LKB1. LKB1 kinase, along with its binding partners STRAD and MO25, have been shown to be master regulators of polarity in many different contexts, and I find that C. elegans orthologs of LKB1, STRAD and MO25 regulate the asymmetric cell division of the Q.p lineage and are potential regulators of PIG-1 in this process.
Molecular Biology Of The Cell
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Author : Bruce Alberts
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Molecular Biology Of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Cytology categories.
Asymmetric Cell Division In Development Differentiation And Cancer
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Author : Jean-Pierre Tassan
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-04-12
Asymmetric Cell Division In Development Differentiation And Cancer written by Jean-Pierre Tassan and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-12 with Science categories.
This book provides readers with an overview of the frequent occurrence of asymmetric cell division. Employing a broad range of examples, it highlights how this mode of cell division constitutes the basis of multicellular organism development and how its misregulation can lead to cancer. To underline such developmental correlations, readers will for example gain insights into stem cell fate and tumor growth. In turn, subsequent chapters include descriptions of asymmetric cell division from unicellular organisms to humans in both physiological and pathological conditions. The book also illustrates the importance of this process for evolution and our need to understand the background mechanisms, offering a valuable guide not only for students in the field of developmental biology but also for experienced researchers from neighboring fields.
Mechanisms Of Neuronal Migration During Corticogenesis
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Author : Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-07-15
Mechanisms Of Neuronal Migration During Corticogenesis written by Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-15 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.
The cerebral cortex plays central roles in many higher-order functions such as cognition, language, consciousness, and the control of voluntary behavior. These processes are performed by the densely interconnected networks of excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons, and the balanced development of these two types of neuron is quite important. During cortical development, pyramidal neurons and interneurons show quite different migratory behaviors: radial migration and tangential migration, respectively. Pyramidal neurons are generated in the ventricular zone of the dorsal telencephalon, and migrate radially along radial glial fibers toward the pial surface, forming a six-layered cortical structure in an “ inside-out” manner. On the other hand, cortical interneurons are generated in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminence in the ventral telencephalon, and follow long tangential migratory paths into the cortex. Defects in these migration processes result in abnormalities in the cortical layer structure and neuronal networks, which may cause various neurological and psychiatric conditions such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. Accordingly, besides basic scientific interest, elucidation of the mechanism of neuronal migration is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. This Research Topic includes a series of articles ranging from the basic mechanism of neocortical development to the malformation and evolution of the neocortex. We do hope that the present ebook will further stimulate the interest in the fascinating investigations of neuronal migration and corticogenesis.
Fetal Therapy
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Author : Mark D. Kilby
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2013
Fetal Therapy written by Mark D. Kilby and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Medical categories.
Covers the latest insights any fetal specialist needs and provides essential knowledge for professionals caring for women with high-risk pregnancies.
Regulation Of Micrornas
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Author : Helge Großhans
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-12-10
Regulation Of Micrornas written by Helge Großhans and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-12-10 with Science categories.
Given this pervasiveness and importance of miRNA-mediated gene regulation, it should come as little surprise that miRNAs themselves are also highly regulated. However, the recent explosion of knowledge on this topic has been remarkable, providing a primary motivation for publication of this book. As miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, the enzyme that also generates mRNAs, it was perhaps not unexpected that miRNA transcription would be subject to regulation, and we have willfully mitted this aspect from this monograph. However, what has been unexpected is the extent of post-transcriptional regulation of miRNAs that is illustrated in this book.
The Fish Oocyte
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Author : Patrick J. Babin
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-08-20
The Fish Oocyte written by Patrick J. Babin and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-08-20 with Nature categories.
This book addresses the growing needs in deciphering the biological processes associated with fish reproduction, in view of the growth of aquaculture and the dwindling natural stocks of commercially important fish. It presents a comprehensive overview on egg production in fish, from the standpoint of the oocyte. With this view in mind, the book includes chapters on oocyte development (oogenesis), hormonal regulation and hormone receptors, formation of the egg envelopes, growth, accumulation of nutrients and maternal transcripts, maturation, hydration, ovulation and fertilization. A special emphasis is placed on using state-of-the-art tools including electron microscopy for discerning the ultra-structure of the follicle and genomic/proteomic tools to fully understand biological basis of fish reproduction. Studies on promoting oocyte maturation, ovulation and spawning in farmed fish and preservation of fish oocytes at low temperatures are also included. The book will appeal to University lecturers, students, research scientists and those associated with culture of fish in freshwater or marine aquaculture.