Regulation Of Synaptic Structure And Function
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Regulation Of Synaptic Structure And Function
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Author : Zhiyong Shao
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2022-11-18
Regulation Of Synaptic Structure And Function written by Zhiyong Shao and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-11-18 with Science categories.
Regulation Of Synaptic Structure And Function At The Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction
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Author : Aline Dorret Blunk
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Regulation Of Synaptic Structure And Function At The Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction written by Aline Dorret Blunk and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Neuronal communication requires a spatially organized synaptic apparatus to coordinate neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles and activation of postsynaptic receptors. Structural remodeling of synaptic connections can strengthen neuronal communication and synaptic efficacy during development and behavioral plasticity. Here, I describe experimental approaches that have revealed how the actin cytoskeleton participates in transynaptic signaling to control synapse assembly. I also describe my studies on how regulation of endocytic trafficking controls synaptic growth during neuronal development. To identify regulators of synapse assembly, I carried out a large-scale EMS mutagenesis screen of the second chromosome. From this screen I identified a mutation in actin 57B that disrupts synaptic morphology and presynaptic active zone organization. Actin 57B is one of six actin genes in Drosophila and is expressed in body wall muscle during larval development. The isolated allele harbors a point mutation disrupting a highly conserved amino acid present throughout the actin family. Homozygous mutant larvae show impaired alignment and spacing of presynaptic active zones. Additionally, disruption of the organization of the postsynaptic density is observed, with mislocalization of the Spectrin cytoskeleton and the PSD-homolog Disc-Large. Phallodin staining reveals a severe disruption of postsynaptic actin surrounding presynaptic boutons, with the formation of aberrant large actin swirls. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the loss of a synaptic interaction mediated by actin 57B leads to disruption of postsynaptic cytoskeletal organization and dysregulation of signals required to organize presynaptic active zones. Additionally, I present data that provide new insights into the mechanisms controlling synaptic growth signaling during transit through the endocytic pathway. Nervous Wreck (Nwk) is a presynaptic F-BAR/SH3 protein that regulates synaptic growth signaling in Drosophila. Here, I show that Nwk acts through a physical interaction with Sorting Nexin 16 (SNX16). SNX16 promotes synaptic growth signaling by activated BMP receptors, and live imaging in neurons reveals that SNX16-positive early endosomes undergo transient interactions with Nwkcontaining recycling endosomes. We identify an alternative signal termination pathway in the absence of Snx16 that is controlled by ESCRT-mediated internalization of receptors into the endosomal lumen. Our results define a presynaptic trafficking pathway mediated by SNX116, NWK and the ESCRT complex that functions to control synaptic growth signaling at the interface between endosomal compartments. Together, these experiments have expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control synaptic growth and assembly, highlighting the role of the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton and the presynaptic endosomal trafficking pathway as key regulators.
The Synapse
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Author : Virginia M. Pickel
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2013-11-16
The Synapse written by Virginia M. Pickel and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-16 with Medical categories.
The Synapse summarizes recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic transmission and provides new insights into neuronal plasticity and the cellular basis of neurological diseases. Part 1 provides an in-depth look at structural differences and distribution of various pre- and post-synaptic proteins found at glutamatergic synapses. Part 2 is dedicated to dendritic spines and their associated perisynaptic glia, which together constitute the tripartite synapse. The spines are portrayed as major sites for calcium sequestration and local protein synthesis. Part 3 highlights the important regional and cellular differences between glutamatergic transmission and that of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and acetylcholine that are commonly found in axon terminals without synaptic membrane specializations. Part 4 provides an overview of the synapse from the time of formation to degeneration under the powerful influence of aging or hormonal decline that leads to severe deficits in cognitive function. Each chapter is illustrated with drawings and images derived from calcium imaging, electron microscopic immunolabeling, or electrophysiology. This book is a valuable reference for neuroscientists and clinical neurologists in both research and clinical settings. A comprehensive reference focused on the structure and function of the synapse Covers the links between the synapse and neural plasticity and the cellular basis of neurologic disease Detailed coverage of dendritic spines and associated perisynaptic glia—the tripartite synapse Includes in-depth coverage of synapse degeneration due to aging or hormonal decline related to severe cognitive impairment
Structural And Functional Organization Of The Synapse
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Author : Johannes W. Hell
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-06-25
Structural And Functional Organization Of The Synapse written by Johannes W. Hell and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-06-25 with Medical categories.
This new Springer volume, which comes complete with a free DVD, is a comprehensive and detailed overview of the synapse with emphasis on the glutamatergic synapse. Most chapters relate the synapse’s functional aspects to its molecular mechanisms. This approach shows which mechanisms are characterized on both the functional and structural level and can thus be considered firmly established. It’s an important text for neuroscientists and disease-oriented clinicians in neurology.
Regulation Of Synaptic Plasticity At The Drosophila Larval Nmj
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Author : Maude Warren-Paquin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Regulation Of Synaptic Plasticity At The Drosophila Larval Nmj written by Maude Warren-Paquin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Neural Plasticity And Memory
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Author : Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2007-04-17
Neural Plasticity And Memory written by Federico Bermudez-Rattoni and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-04-17 with Psychology categories.
A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq
Analysis Of Neuropeptide Signaling In The Regulation Of Synaptic Growth In Drosophila
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Analysis Of Neuropeptide Signaling In The Regulation Of Synaptic Growth In Drosophila written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Synapses are the basic units of neural structure and function. Proper synaptic growth is essential for normal development of the nervous system and its function in mediating complex behaviors such as learning and memory. In my dissertation work, I took a combined approach of genetics, molecular biology and biochemistry to identify genes and molecular pathways that regulate synaptic growth in Drosophila, and discovered neuropeptide signaling as a novel mechanism in this process. Neuropeptides have been known to affect neuronal excitability and the strength of synaptic transmission. However, neuropeptides have not been clearly implicated in synaptic growth and development. Through forward genetics, I discovered a cholecystokinin-like receptor (CCKLR) and its predicted ligand drosulfakinin (DSK), as components of a signaling pathway that strongly promote growth of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Loss-of-function mutations of CCKLR or dsk produce severe NMJ undergrowth, whereas over-expression of CCKLR leads to NMJ overgrowth. Through targeted RNAi expression and transgenic rescue experiments I show that presynaptic expression of CCKLR in motor neurons is necessary and sufficient for regulation of NMJ growth. Through analysis of double mutants, I have dissected the signaling pathway downstream of the receptor. I show that this pathway involves G-protein-dependent stimulation of adenyl cyclase to activate PKA, which in turn activates CREB, the cAMP-response element binding protein. In addition, I demonstrate that DSK activates CCKLR biochemically, and that DSK/CCKLR signaling affects synaptic transmission and larval locomotor behavior. To discover novel genes that interact with the CCKLR-signaling pathway to regulate NMJ growth, I performed a modifier screen using chromosomal deficiencies. This pilot screen has identified several regions on the second and third chromosomes that dominantly enhance or suppress the NMJ phenotype of CCKLR mutants. Intriguingly, a number of neuropeptide signaling molecules were found among the candidate interacting genes. Specifically, I have found that leucokinin (DLK) and leucokinin receptor (LKR) negatively regulate NMJ growth, and strongly interact with CCKLR. The results of the modifier screen suggest that neuropeptide signaling may be a more common mechanism for regulating NMJ growth than previously realized and many of the molecules are yet to be uncovered.
Novel Optogenetic Approach Reveals A Function Of Cgmp In Synaptic Plasticity And Memory
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Author : Jelena Borovac
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Novel Optogenetic Approach Reveals A Function Of Cgmp In Synaptic Plasticity And Memory written by Jelena Borovac and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Synaptic plasticity is the activity-dependent structural and functional modulation of the synapse, which is essential for learning and memory. These processes are regulated by signaling pathways involving cAMP and cGMP nucleotide messengers. cAMP signaling is associated with enhanced synaptic structure, function and memory at the hippocampus, but the exact role of cGMP remains elusive. Here, I use a novel optogenetic approach to study the role of cGMP in structural and functional plasticity in hippocampal neurons and memory in the dentate gyrus (DG). Strong synaptic activation induces synapse enlargement called structural long-term potentiation (sLTP), which is further enhanced by cAMP (cAMP-sLTP). By blocking the cGMP/PKG pathway, I demonstrated that postsynaptic cGMP signaling negatively regulates cAMP-sLTP. Using a two-photon optogenetic approach to activate a light-sensitive guanylyl cyclase at targeted dendritic spines, I revealed that an increase in postsynaptic cGMP was sufficient to suppress the cAMP effect on structural potentiation, but not induction of sLTP, suggesting a competitive bidirectional regulation of structural plasticity by cAMP and cGMP. To address the role of cGMP in synaptic plasticity and memory, I adapted the optogenetic technique to manipulate cGMP signaling in neurons of the DG, which is crucial for memory. I demonstrated that postsynaptic cGMP signaling at the perforant path synapses of the dentate gyrus (PP-DG) enhances functional synaptic potentiation. By utilizing a comprehensive battery of tests for mouse behavior, I also revealed that cGMP signaling is associated with enhanced anxiety and reference memory in mice. This project established a novel optogenetic technique for targeted cGMP manipulation and provided the first direct look at cGMP function from the level of the single synapse to the living mouse brain.
Functional Ultrastructure
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Author : Margit Pavelka
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-07-16
Functional Ultrastructure written by Margit Pavelka and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-07-16 with Science categories.
The period between 1950 and 1980 were the golden unique insights into how pathological processes affect years of transmission electron microscopy and produced cell organization. a plethora of new information on the structure of cells This information is vital to current work in which that was coupled to and followed by biochemical and the emphasis is on integrating approaches from functional studies. TEM was king and each micrograph proteomics, molecular biology, genetics, genomics, of a new object produced new information that led to molecular imaging and physiology and pathology to novel insights on cell and tissue organization and their understand cell functions and derangements in disease. functions. The quality of data represented by the images In this current era, there is a growing tendency to of cell and tissues had been perfected to a very high level substitut e modern light microscopic techniques for by the great microscopists of that era including Palade, electron microscopy, because it is less technically Porter, Fawcett, Sjostrand, Rhodin and many others. At demanding and is more readily available to researchers- present, the images that we see in leading journals for This atlas reminds us that the information obtained by the most part do not reach the same technical level and electron microscopy is invaluable and has no substitute.
Jasper S Basic Mechanisms Of The Epilepsies
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Author : Jeffrey Noebels
language : en
Publisher: OUP USA
Release Date : 2012-06-29
Jasper S Basic Mechanisms Of The Epilepsies written by Jeffrey Noebels and has been published by OUP USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-06-29 with Medical categories.
Jasper's Basic Mechanisms, Fourth Edition, is the newest most ambitious and now clinically relevant publishing project to build on the four-decade legacy of the Jasper's series. In keeping with the original goal of searching for "a better understanding of the epilepsies and rational methods of prevention and treatment.", the book represents an encyclopedic compendium neurobiological mechanisms of seizures, epileptogenesis, epilepsy genetics and comordid conditions. Of practical importance to the clinician, and new to this edition are disease mechanisms of genetic epilepsies and therapeutic approaches, ranging from novel antiepileptic drug targets to cell and gene therapies.