Scour Monitoring Technology Implementation
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Scour Monitoring Technology Implementation
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Scour Monitoring Technology Implementation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Bridges categories.
Bridge scour is the removal of sediment around bridge foundations and can result in the failure of the bridge. Scour monitoring is performed to identify unacceptable scour on bridges considered to be scour critical and determine when scour reaches elevations that could cause potential bridge failure. Two types of monitoring are available: portable monitoring and fixed monitoring. Prior to this project, MnDOT was only using portable monitoring devices, which requires the deployment of personnel to make physical measurements of scour depths. For some scour critical bridges, especially during high-water events, fixed instrumentation capable of continuous scour monitoring was preferred, but MnDOT lacked the experience or expertise to install this type of equipment. This project installed fixed monitoring equipment at two bridge sites and monitored them for three years to determine the effectiveness and reliability of fixed scour monitoring deployments. Several device options were installed to allow MnDOT to analyze the installation and performance of different types of sensors. Both systems operated for the three years with some outages due to various causes but overall performance was acceptable. The outages were mostly related to power issues and communication issues. Valuable lessons were learned through the deployment, which may be applied to future installations. The deployment executed in this project has provided the confidence to deploy other fixed scour monitoring equipment at key bridges around the state of Minnesota. In addition, the data collected during deployment of the scour monitoring equipment has been stored and provides insight into scour processes. This data can be used by other research groups for design or research purposes.
Field Monitoring Of Scour Critical Bridges
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Author : Xiong Yu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Field Monitoring Of Scour Critical Bridges written by Xiong Yu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Detectors categories.
Scour is a major threat to the safety of bridges. Instruments for the measurement and monitoring of bridge scour are necessary to study scour processes and to support bridge management. The lack of robust and economical scour monitoring devices prevents the implementation of a bridge scour monitoring program among bridge owners. This project explores the design and analyses of scour sensors using principles of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). The performance of a scour probe was first tested in laboratory simulated scour experiments. Three different signal analyses methods were developed to obtain the scour depth from TDR signals. Besides scour depth, additional information related to scour assessment, i.e. sediment density and electrical conductivity of water, were also determined from TDR signals. The sensing principles and analysis algorithms were validated from simulated scour tests under various conditions which are expected to be encountered in the field. The field conditions considered included: variation of sediment types, water conductivity, turbidity, air entrapment, and water elevation. These further validated the robustness of the scour sensing principles. Upon validation, a field worthy sensor was designed. The sampling area and effective measured dielectric constant were determined using a finite element analysis method. Evaluation of the sensor indicated that it was able to successfully monitor the scour processes (scour and refill) in real-time with high accuracy. Six TDR bridge scour sensors were installed at BUT-122-0606 bridge on SR 122 over the Great Miami River in Butler County, with assistance of project partners GRL Engineers Inc., and J&L Laboratories. Automatic monitoring units were installed to automatically take scour sensor signals and wirelessly transmit the sensor data. The sensors were installed using routine geotechnical site investigation tools and procedures. High quality signals were obtained, from which the development of scour adjacent to bridge piers was measured. The results are reasonable. The pilot study points to the promise of this new technology for long term bridge scour monitoring purposes. Continued evaluation and refinement of this new scour monitoring sensor system is highly recommended.
Field Implementation And Evaluation Of The Simple Cost Effective Scour Sensor
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Author : Farhad Ansari
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Field Implementation And Evaluation Of The Simple Cost Effective Scour Sensor written by Farhad Ansari and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Detectors categories.
Portable Scour Monitoring Equipment
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Author : James Douglas Schall
language : en
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
Release Date : 2004
Portable Scour Monitoring Equipment written by James Douglas Schall and has been published by Transportation Research Board this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Scour (Hydraulic engineering) categories.
Introduction and research approach -- Findings -- Interpretation, appraisal, and applications -- Conclusions and suggested research -- References -- Appendixes.
Developing A Bridge Scour Warning System
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Author : C. Bryan Young
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Developing A Bridge Scour Warning System written by C. Bryan Young and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Flooding and scour can be major threats to the integrity of bridges. During flood events, scour at bridge piers and abutments can undermine the foundations of the bridge, causing significant damage or even total structure loss. Because scour occurs below the water level during a large flood event, it can be difficult to detect and may go unnoticed unless a targeted inspection is performed. The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) is required by federal mandate to establish and maintain a bridge scour plan of action for all scour-critical bridges in the state. A plan of action can include the implementation of scour countermeasures to protect and stabilize a bridge and/or scour monitoring. Bridge scour monitoring presents multiple challenges for bridge owners, including state Departments of Transportation (DOTs). This research project surveyed in situ and ex situ monitoring options with particular attention on warning system options in the public domain. In situ monitoring can include portable and/or fixed devices for detecting bridge scour. Ex situ monitoring implies a statewide system that issues scour alerts to trigger bridge closures and/or inspections based on hydrologic conditions (rainfall and/or streamflow). A systematic statewide system would be preferable for monitoring scour-capable events at bridges across the state. KDOT could leverage existing United States Geological Survey (USGS) and National Weather Service (NWS) tools to monitor scour-critical bridges or pursue a vendor to offer a turn-key solution. For critical locations, additional measures could be implemented at specific sites to offer more information or a higher level of monitoring.
Smart Rocks For Bridge Scour Monitoring
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Author : Andro Radchenko
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Smart Rocks For Bridge Scour Monitoring written by Andro Radchenko and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
"River bridge scour is an erosion process in which flowing water removes sediment materials (such as sand, rocks) from a bridge foundation, river beds and banks. As a result, the level of the river bed near a bridge pier is lowering such that the bridge foundation stability can be compromised, and the bridge can collapse. The scour is a dynamic process, which can accelerate rapidly during a flood event. Thus, regular monitoring of the scour progress is necessary to be performed at most river bridges. Present techniques are usually expensive, require large man/hour efforts, and often lack the real-time monitoring capabilities. In this dissertation a new method - 'Smart Rocks Network for bridge scour monitoring' is introduced. The method is based on distributed wireless sensors embedded in ground underwater nearby the bridge pillars. The sensor nodes are unconstrained in movement, are equipped with years-lasting batteries and intelligent custom designed electronics, which minimizes power consumption during operation and communication. The electronic part consists of a microcontroller, communication interfaces, orientation and environment sensors (such as are accelerometer, magnetometer, temperature and pressure sensors), supporting power supplies and circuitries. Embedded in the soil nearby a bridge pillar the Smart Rocks can move/drift together with the sediments, and act as the free agent probes transmitting the unique signature signals to the base-station monitors. Individual movement of a Smart Rock can be remotely detected processing the orientation sensors reading. This can give an indication of the on-going scour progress, and set a flag for the on-site inspection. The map of the deployed Smart Rocks Network can be obtained utilizing the custom developed in-network communication protocol with signals intensity (RSSI) analysis. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied for map reconstruction. Analysis of the map can provide detailed insight into the scour progress and topology. Smart Rocks Network wireless communication is based on the magneto-inductive (MI) link, at low (125 KHz) frequency, allowing for signal to penetrate through the water, rocks, and the bridge structure. The dissertation describes the Smart Rocks Network implementation, its electronic design and the electromagnetic/computational intelligence techniques used for the network mapping"--Abstract, page iii.
Monitoring Scour Critical Bridges
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Author : Beatrice E. Hunt
language : en
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
Release Date : 2009
Monitoring Scour Critical Bridges written by Beatrice E. Hunt and has been published by Transportation Research Board this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Religion categories.
Health Monitoring Of Bridge Structures And Components Using Smart Structure Technology
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Health Monitoring Of Bridge Structures And Components Using Smart Structure Technology written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Bridges categories.
Bridge Safety Maintenance Management Life Cycle Resilience And Sustainability
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Author : Joan Ramon Casas
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2022-06-27
Bridge Safety Maintenance Management Life Cycle Resilience And Sustainability written by Joan Ramon Casas and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-06-27 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability contains lectures and papers presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management (IABMAS 2022, Barcelona, Spain, 11–15 July, 2022). This e-book contains the full papers of 322 contributions presented at IABMAS 2022, including the T.Y. Lin Lecture, 4 Keynote Lectures, and 317 technical papers from 36 countries all around the world. The contributions deal with the state-of-the-art as well as emerging concepts and innovative applications related to the main aspects of safety, maintenance, management, life-cycle, resilience, sustainability and technological innovations of bridges. Major topics include: advanced bridge design, construction and maintenance approaches, safety, reliability and risk evaluation, life-cycle management, life-cycle, resilience, sustainability, standardization, analytical models, bridge management systems, service life prediction, structural health monitoring, non-destructive testing and field testing, robustness and redundancy, durability enhancement, repair and rehabilitation, fatigue and corrosion, extreme loads, needs of bridge owners, whole life costing and investment for the future, financial planning and application of information and computer technology, big data analysis and artificial intelligence for bridges, among others. This volume provides both an up-to-date overview of the field of bridge engineering and significant contributions to the process of making more rational decisions on bridge safety, maintenance, management, life-cycle, resilience and sustainability of bridges for the purpose of enhancing the welfare of society. The volume serves as a valuable reference to all concerned with and/or involved in bridge structure and infrastructure systems, including students, researchers and practitioners from all areas of bridge engineering.
Sensor Development And Response Analysis For Bridge Scour Monitoring And Prognosis
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Author : Faezeh Azhari
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Sensor Development And Response Analysis For Bridge Scour Monitoring And Prognosis written by Faezeh Azhari and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Bridges, as well as off-shore wind turbines and other marine structures, are susceptible to failures due to local scour, which is a dynamic phenomenon that is caused by flowing water removing the bed material from around piles, piers, and abutments. If extended over a critical depth, scour can jeopardize the stability and safety of overwater bridges. In fact, scour is the predominant cause of overwater bridge failures in North America and around the world. Monitoring, as part of bridge maintenance, can prevent scour-induced damage and failure by continuously measuring the extent of scour so that preventative measures can be taken in a timely manner. Over the years, numerous sensing systems have been developed for monitoring bridge scour by measuring scour depth at locations near bridge piers and abutments. Due to the limitations of periodic inspections conducted by trained divers and by using portable instruments, fixed monitoring systems have become the viable solution. Existing fixed scour sensors include sonar systems, float-out devices, and tilt meters, to name a few. These systems each offer unique advantages, but have limitations (e.g., high costs, low reliability, limited accuracy, etc.) that have restricted their implementation in practice. Therefore, attempts to develop more efficient monitoring schemes continue. In this study two novel scour sensing schemes were evaluated. The first uses driven piezoelectric rods to continuously measure scour depth; and in the second, buried dissolved oxygen (DO) optodes detect scour at discrete depths. Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to validate the proposed sensing systems. In the first sensing scheme, piezoelectric rods are driven into the stream bed at a location where scour depths are wanted. As the scour hole extends, the exposed length of the rod changes, causing the flow-induced voltage signal acquired from the sensor to also vary. Scour depth at the sensor location is determined based on the fact that the natural frequency of the cantilevered sensing rod is inversely related to its length. Prototype piezoelectric rods, in which a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer strip forms the main sensing component, were designed and developed. Following various preliminary validation tests, extensive laboratory experiments were performed in which the in-house piezoelectric sensing rods were driven into the soil surrounding a mock bridge pier inside a flume simulating scour conditions. The piezo-sensor was calibrated through eigenfrequency analyses. The second sensing system utilized commercially available miniature DO probes. DO levels are very low in streambed sediments, as compared to the standard level of oxygen in flowing water. Therefore, scour depths can be determined by installing sensors to monitor DO levels at various depths along the buried length of a bridge pier or abutment. The measured DO is negligible when a sensor is buried but would increase significantly once scour occurs and exposes the sensor to flowing water. A set of experiments was conducted in which four dissolved oxygen probes were embedded at different soil depths in the vicinity of a mock bridge pier inside a laboratory flume simulating scour conditions. The measured DO jumped to water DO levels once scour exposed the sensing tip of the probes to flowing water, thereby providing discrete measurements of the maximum scour depth. The sensing concepts behind both scour monitoring schemes were confirmed through comparing the detected and observed scour depths. The PVDF-based sensors provide continuous scour depth measurements, as opposed to discrete ones offered by the DO sensing system. Both sensing schemes were also able to detect any subsequent refilling of the scour hole through the deposition of sediments. Following separate analyses of the results, future research is suggested for the two sensing techniques to gain a better understanding of their advantages, shortcomings, and potential applications. In addition to developing and validating the aforementioned scour sensing schemes, research was conducted aimed at creating a practical warning-time based framework for scour sensor response interpretation. First, the general form of the framework, applicable to a wide range of damage detection operations, was developed. The purpose of structural health monitoring (SHM) is to diagnose any damage or malfunction in an engineering system in a timely manner. Timely detection implies that sufficient warning time is given to perform required maintenance to prevent structural failure. Warning time information is therefore very useful in the design and planning of maintenance procedures. The framework developed as part of this research, is a simple and practical tool for predicting warning times given detected damage (i.e. sensor outputs). The framework incorporates a probabilistic analysis of damage progression such that the uncertainty in warning times can also be determined and used for risk-based decision making. To demonstrate the framework’s applicability to scour monitoring, a detailed example was considered, where the progression of bridge scour was obtained through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the software Flow-3D. The resulting diagrams from the framework can be used as an effective tool in estimating the warning time and the uncertainty in the warning time given a detected scour depth. The warning information is extremely useful in identifying and planning the required maintenance procedures based on the available resources.