Selective Nox Recirculation For Stationary Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines

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Selective Nox Recirculation For Stationary Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines

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Author : Nigel N. Clark
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006

Selective Nox Recirculation For Stationary Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines written by Nigel N. Clark and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) generated by internal combustion (IC) engines are implicated in adverse environmental and health effects. Even though lean-burn natural gas engines have traditionally emitted lower oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions compared to their diesel counterparts, natural gas engines are being further challenged to reduce NOx emissions to 0.1 g/bhp-hr. The Selective NOx Recirculation (SNR) approach for NOx reduction involves cooling the engine exhaust gas and then adsorbing the NOx from the exhaust stream, followed by the periodic desorption of NOx. By sending the desorbed NOx back into the intake and through the engine, a percentage of the NOx can be decomposed during the combustion process. SNR technology has the support of the Department of Energy (DOE), under the Advanced Reciprocating Engine Systems (ARES) program to reduce NOx emissions to under 0.1 g/bhp-hr from stationary natural gas engines by 2010. The NO decomposition phenomenon was studied using two Cummins L10G natural gas fueled spark-ignited (SI) engines in three experimental campaigns. It was observed that the air/fuel ratio ({lambda}), injected NO quantity, added exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) percentage, and engine operating points affected NOx decomposition rates within the engine. Chemical kinetic model predictions using the software package CHEMKIN were performed to relate the experimental data with established rate and equilibrium models. The model was used to predict NO decomposition during lean-burn, stoichiometric burn, and slightly rich-burn cases with added EGR. NOx decomposition rates were estimated from the model to be from 35 to 42% for the lean-burn cases and from 50 to 70% for the rich-burn cases. The modeling results provided an insight as to how to maximize NOx decomposition rates for the experimental engine. Results from this experiment along with chemical kinetic modeling solutions prompted the investigation of rich-burn operating conditions, with added EGR to prevent preignition. It was observed that the relative air/fuel ratio, injected NO quantity, added EGR fraction, and engine operating points affected the NO decomposition rates. While operating under these modified conditions, the highest NO decomposition rate of 92% was observed. In-cylinder pressure data gathered during the experiments showed minimum deviation from peak pressure as a result of NO injections into the engine. A NOx adsorption system, from Sorbent Technologies, Inc., was integrated with the Cummins engine, comprised a NOx adsorbent chamber, heat exchanger, demister, and a hot air blower. Data were gathered to show the possibility of NOx adsorption from the engine exhaust, and desorption of NOx from the sorbent material. In order to quantify the NOx adsorption/desorption characteristics of the sorbent material, a benchtop adsorption system was constructed. The temperature of this apparatus was controlled while data were gathered on the characteristics of the sorbent material for development of a system model. A simplified linear driving force model was developed to predict NOx adsorption into the sorbent material as cooled exhaust passed over fresh sorbent material. A mass heat transfer analysis was conducted to analyze the possibility of using hot exhaust gas for the desorption process. It was found in the adsorption studies, and through literature review, that NO adsorption was poor when the carrier gas was nitrogen, but that NO in the presence of oxygen was adsorbed at levels exceeding 1% by mass of the sorbent. From the three experimental campaigns, chemical kinetic modeling analysis, and the scaled benchtop NOx adsorption system, an overall SNR system model was developed. An economic analysis was completed, and showed that the system was impractical in cost for small engines, but that economies of scale favored the technology.

Selective Nox Recirculation For Stationary Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005

Selective Nox Recirculation For Stationary Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.

The research program conducted at the West Virginia University Engine and Emissions Research Laboratory (EERL) is working towards the verification and optimization of an approach to remove nitric oxides from the exhaust gas of lean burn natural gas engines. This project was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) under contract number: DE-FC26-02NT41608. Selective NOx Recirculation (SNR) involves three main steps. First, NOx is adsorbed from the exhaust stream, followed by periodic desorption from the aftertreatment medium. Finally the desorbed NOx is passed back into the intake air stream and fed into the engine, where a percentage of the NOx is decomposed. This reporting period focuses on the NOx decomposition capability in the combustion process. Although researchers have demonstrated NOx reduction with SNR in other contexts, the proposed program is needed to further understand the process as it applies to lean burn natural gas engines. SNR is in support of the Department of Energy goal of enabling future use of environmentally acceptable reciprocating natural gas engines through NOx reduction under 0.1 g/bhp-hr. The study of decomposition of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) during combustion in the cylinder was conducted on a 1993 Cummins L10G 240 hp lean burn natural gas engine. The engine was operated at different air/fuel ratios, and at a speed of 800 rpm to mimic a larger bore engine. A full scale dilution tunnel and analyzers capable of measuring NOx, CO2, CO, HC concentrations were used to characterize the exhaust gas. Commercially available nitric oxide (NO) was used to mimic the NOx stream from the desorption process through a mass flow controller and an injection nozzle. The same quantity of NOx was injected into the intake and exhaust line of the engine for 20 seconds at various steady state engine operating points. NOx decomposition rates were obtained by averaging the peak values at each set point minus the baseline and finding the ratio between the injected NO amounts. It was observed that the air/fuel ratio, injected NO quantity and engine operating points affected the NOx decomposition rates of the natural gas engine. A highest NOx decomposition rate of 27% was measured from this engine. A separate exploratory tests conducted with a gasoline engine with a low air/fuel ratio yielded results that suggested, that high NOx decomposition rates may be possible if a normally lean burn engine were operated at conditions closer to stoichiometric, with high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) for a brief period of time during the NOx decomposition phase and with a wider range of air/fuel ratios. Chemical kinetic model predictions using CHEMKIN were performed to relate the experimental data with the established rate and equilibrium models. NOx decomposition rates from 35% to 42% were estimated using the CHEMKIN software. This provided insight on how to maximize NOx decomposition rates for a large bore engine. In the future, the modeling will be used to examine the effect of higher NO2/NO ratios that are associated with lower speed and larger bore lean burn operation.

Nox Emission Control Technologies In Stationary And Automotive Internal Combustion Engines

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Author : B. Ashok
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2021-11-09

Nox Emission Control Technologies In Stationary And Automotive Internal Combustion Engines written by B. Ashok and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-09 with Technology & Engineering categories.

NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles presents the fundamental theory of emission formation, particularly the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and its chemical reactions and control techniques. The book provides a simplified framework for technical literature on NOx reduction strategies in IC engines, highlighting thermodynamics, combustion science, automotive emissions and environmental pollution control. Sections cover the toxicity and roots of emissions for both SI and CI engines and the formation of various emissions such as CO, SO2, HC, NOx, soot, and PM from internal combustion engines, along with various methods of NOx formation. Topics cover the combustion process, engine design parameters, and the application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction, making this book ideal for researchers and students in automotive, mechanical, mechatronics and chemical engineering students working in the field of emission control techniques. Covers advanced and recent technologies and emerging new trends in NOx reduction for emission control Highlights the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine performance parameters Discusses emission norms such as EURO VI and Bharat stage VI in reducing global air pollution due to engine emissions

Lean Nox Trap Catalysis For Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004

Lean Nox Trap Catalysis For Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with categories.

As the nation's demand for energy grows along with concern for the environment, there is a pressing need for cleaner, more efficient forms of energy. The internal combustion engine is well established as one of the most reliable forms of power production. They are commercially available in power ranges from 0.5 kW to 6.5 MW, which make them suitable for a wide range of distributed power applications from small scale residential to large scale industrial. In addition, alternative fuels with domestic abundance, such as natural gas, can play a key role in weaning our nations dependence on foreign oil. Lean burn natural gas engines can achieve high efficiencies and can be conveniently placed anywhere natural gas supplies are available. However, the aftertreatment of Nox emissions presents a challenge in lean exhaust conditions. Unlike carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, which can be catalytically reduced in lean exhaust, NOx emissions require a net reducing atmosphere for catalytic reduction. Unless this challenge of NOx reduction can be met, emissions regulations may restrict the implementation of highly efficient lean burn natural gas engines for stationary power applications. While the typical three-way catalyst is ineffective for NOx reduction under lean exhaust conditions, several emerging catalyst technologies have demonstrated potential. The three leading contenders for lean burn engine de-NOx are the Lean NOx Catalyst (LNC), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and the Lean Nox Trap (LNT). Similar to the principles of SCR, an LNT catalyst has the ability to store NOx under lean engine operation. Then, an intermittent rich condition is created causing the stored NOx to be released and subsequently reduced. However, unlike SCR, which uses urea injection to create the reducing atmosphere, the LNT can use the same fuel supplied to the engine as the reductant. LNT technology has demonstrated high reduction efficiencies in diesel applications where diesel fuel is the reducing agent. The premise of this research is to explore the application of Lean NOx Trap technology to a lean burn natural gas engine where natural gas is the reducing agent. Natural gas is primarily composed of methane, a highly stable hydrocarbon. The two primary challenges addressed by this research are the performance of the LNT in the temperature ranges experienced from lean natural gas combustion and the utilization of the highly stable methane as the reducing agent. The project used an 8.3 liter lean burn natural gas engine on a dynamometer to generate the lean exhaust conditions. The catalysts were packaged in a dual path aftertreatment system, and a set of valves were used to control the flow of exhaust to either leg during adsorption and regeneration.

Sourcebook Nox Control Technology Data

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Author : Lisa M. Campbell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991

Sourcebook Nox Control Technology Data written by Lisa M. Campbell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Air categories.

Available Information on control of NOx emissions from stationary combustion sources has been compiled to assist new source permitting activities by regulatory agencies. The sources covered are combustion turbines, Internal combustion engines, non-utility boilers and heaters, and waste Incinerators. The report discusses the background of NO, formation in the combustion process, major NO sources, and processes for NOx control. The current status of NO control technology Is discussed and applications to meet permitting requirements Is detailed. Permitted NOx emission levels are summarized by combustion source, fuel type and control technology. Documentation includes references and contacts for further Information.

Exhaust Gas Recirculation In A Lean Burn Natural Gas Engine

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Author : Sumit Bhargava
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997

Exhaust Gas Recirculation In A Lean Burn Natural Gas Engine written by Sumit Bhargava and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Automobiles categories.

Nox Control In Natural Gas Engines Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation

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Author : Mohamed Razi Nalim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985

Nox Control In Natural Gas Engines Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation written by Mohamed Razi Nalim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Automobiles categories.

Effects Of Nox Control On Pollutant Emissions In Natural Gas Fueled Stationary Reciprocating Engines

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Author : Sidney P. C. Huey
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992

Effects Of Nox Control On Pollutant Emissions In Natural Gas Fueled Stationary Reciprocating Engines written by Sidney P. C. Huey and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Gas as fuel categories.

Field tests were performed on five natural gas reciprocating engines. Four engines were retrofitted with the following NOx control technologies: a nonselective catalytic reduction (NSCR) system retrofitted on a 4-cycle rich-burn engine; a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system retrofitted on a 4-cycle lean-burn engine; and combustion modifications (PreCombustion Chamber [PCC] retrofitted on two lean-burn engines (one 2-cycle and one 4-cycle). These controls are candidate technologies to reduce NOx emissions from natural gas prime movers. The fifth engine, a 2-cycle lean-burn engine, was tested without NOx controls. The field test program quantified the effects of these NOx controls on pollutant emissions, and found that, in some cases, NOx reduction can result in increased carbon monoxide (CO), total unburned hydrocarbons (TUHC), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and formaldehyde emissions. Benzene, tolune, and formaldyhde were the major air-toxic compounds found in the exhaust of all engines tested at concentrations of less than 0.3 ppm, for benzene and toluene, and 20 ppm, for formaldehyde.

The Effect Of Exhaust Gas Recirculation Egr On The Emission From A Lean Burn Gas Engine

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Author : Per Pedersen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998

The Effect Of Exhaust Gas Recirculation Egr On The Emission From A Lean Burn Gas Engine written by Per Pedersen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with categories.

Catalytic Control Of Nox Emissions From Stationary Rich Burning Natural Gas Engines

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Author : Kenneth Burns (R.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1983

Catalytic Control Of Nox Emissions From Stationary Rich Burning Natural Gas Engines written by Kenneth Burns (R.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983 with categories.