Sex Differences In The Brain From Genes To Behavior
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Sex Differences In The Brain
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Author : Jill B. Becker
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2007-12-04
Sex Differences In The Brain written by Jill B. Becker and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12-04 with Medical categories.
Within the basic and clinical biomedical research community, there is increasing recognition that differences between males and females across the lifespan affect an individual's health, his/her development of disease, signs and symptoms of pathophysiology, and response to therapy. This book is intended as a resource for scientists, clinicians, and students of the nervous system and behavior- a trove of practical information about how to study sex differences in the brain as well as a discussion of what is already known on the topic.
Sex And The Developing Brain
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Author : Margaret M. McCarthy
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2017-08-31
Sex And The Developing Brain written by Margaret M. McCarthy and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-31 with Science categories.
The brains of males and females, men and women, are different, that is a fact. What is debated is how different and how important are those differences. Sex differences in the brain are determined by genetics, hormones, and experience, which in humans includes culture, society, and parental and peer expectations. The importance of nonbiological variables to sex differences in humans is paramount, making it difficult if not impossible to parse out those contributions that are truly biological. The study of animals provides us the opportunity to understand the magnitude and scope of biologically based sex differences in the brain, and understanding the cellular mechanisms provides us insight into novel sources of brain plasticity. Many sex differences are established during a developmental sensitive window by differences in the hormonal milieu of males versus females. The neonatal testis produces large amounts of testosterone which gains access to the brain and is further metabolized into active androgens and estrogens which modify brain development. Major parameters that are influenced by hormones include neurogenesis, cell death, neurochemical phenotype, axonal and dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis. Variance in these parameters results in sex differences in the size of particular brain regions, the projections between brain regions, and the number and type of synapses within particular brain regions. The cellular mechanisms are both region and endpoint specific and invoke many surprising systems such as prostaglandins, endocannabinoids, and cell death proteins. Epigenetic modifications to the genome both establish and maintain sex differences in the brain and behavior. By understanding when, why, and how sex differences in the brain are established, we may also learn the source of strong gender biases in the relative risk and severity of numerous neurological diseases and disorders of mental health. Boys are much more likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum or attention and hyperactivity disorders, as well as speech and language deficits, compared to girls. By contrast, women are more likely to suffer from affective disorders, such as depression, anxiety, compulsion, and eating disorders and more likely to experience autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Schizophrenia with an early onset is more common in males but a late-onset version is markedly more frequent in females. Male biased disorders have origins in development while female biased disorders are almost exclusively post-puberty. This remarkable shift in disease risk demands our attention. Novel insights into the biological origins of disease are also gained by comparing and contrasting the same processes in different sexes.
Brain Storm
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Author : Rebecca M. Jordan-Young
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2011-10-15
Brain Storm written by Rebecca M. Jordan-Young and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-15 with Science categories.
Female and male brains are different, thanks to hormones coursing through the brain before birth. That’s taught as fact in psychology textbooks, academic journals, and bestselling books. And these hardwired differences explain everything from sexual orientation to gender identity, to why there aren’t more women physicists or more stay-at-home dads. In this compelling book, Rebecca Jordan-Young takes on the evidence that sex differences are hardwired into the brain. Analyzing virtually all published research that supports the claims of “human brain organization theory,” Jordan-Young reveals how often these studies fail the standards of science. Even if careful researchers point out the limits of their own studies, other researchers and journalists can easily ignore them because brain organization theory just sounds so right. But if a series of methodological weaknesses, questionable assumptions, inconsistent definitions, and enormous gaps between ambiguous findings and grand conclusions have accumulated through the years, then science isn’t scientific at all. Elegantly written, this book argues passionately that the analysis of gender differences deserves far more rigorous, biologically sophisticated science. “The evidence for hormonal sex differentiation of the human brain better resembles a hodge-podge pile than a solid structure...Once we have cleared the rubble, we can begin to build newer, more scientific stories about human development.”
Sex Differences In Brain And Behavior
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Author : Cynthia L. Jordan
language : en
Publisher: Perspectives Cshl
Release Date : 2022-07-31
Sex Differences In Brain And Behavior written by Cynthia L. Jordan and has been published by Perspectives Cshl this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-07-31 with Brain categories.
"The extent to which there are differences between the sexes is an area of interest to physiologists, neuroscientists, and clinicians, as well as social scientists and the general public. This book examines recent research on the biological basis of sex differences, including differences in the brain, behavior, the immune system, and disease states"--
Sex And The Developing Brain
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Author : Margaret M. McCarthy
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2011
Sex And The Developing Brain written by Margaret M. McCarthy and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Medical categories.
The brains of males and females, men and women, are different-that is a fact. What is debated is how different and how important those differences are. Sex differences in the brain are determined by genetics, hormones, and experience, which in humans includes culture, society, and parental and peer expectations. The importance of nonbiological variables to sex differences in humans is paramount, making it difficult if not impossible to parse out those contributions that are truly biological. The study of animals provides us the opportunity to understand the magnitude and scope of biologically based sex differences in the brain and understanding the cellular mechanisms provides us insight into novel sources of brain plasticity. Many sex differences are established during a developmental sensitive window by differences in the hormonal milieu of males versus females. The neonatal testis produces large amounts of testosterone, which gains access to the brain and is further metabolized into active androgens and estrogens, which modify brain development. Major parameters that are influenced by hormones include neurogenesis, cell death, neurochemical phenotype, axonal and dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis. Variance in these parameters results in sex differences in the size of particular brain regions, the projections between brain regions, and the number and type of synapses within particular brain regions. The cellular mechanisms are both region and endpoint specific and invoke many surprising systems such as prostaglandins, endocannabinoids, and cell death proteins. By understanding when, why, and how sex differences in the brain are established, we may also learn the source of strong gender biases in the relative risk and severity of numerous neurological diseases and disorders of mental health, including but not limited to autism, dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and maj
Sex Differences In The Human Brain Their Underpinnings And Implications
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2010-12-03
Sex Differences In The Human Brain Their Underpinnings And Implications written by and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-12-03 with Science categories.
This volume of Progress in Brain Research documents recent developments and research findings in relation to sex and how the brain’s function and behavior differs from men to women. Specific areas include cerebral function, morphology and organization, sexual dimorphism, neural origins,and genetics and epigenetics, as well as potential causes/affects of stress, pain, sexual orientation and identity and other social issues such as distribution of disorders across the sexes and autism. * Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field * Highlights areas for future research * Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts
Sexing The Brain
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Author : Lesley Rogers
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Sexing The Brain written by Lesley Rogers and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Psychology categories.
Although the conviction that genetics can explain everything is now widespread, the author demonstrates the interaction of culture and environment in the formation of behavioral traits and so provides an important corrective to popular notions of reductionism.".
The Development Of Sex Differences And Similarities In Behavior
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Author : M. Haug
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
The Development Of Sex Differences And Similarities In Behavior written by M. Haug and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
M. HAUG Universite Louis Pasteur, Laboratoire de Psychophysi%gie, URA 1295, 7, rue de /'Universite, 67000 Strasbourg, France This varied and impressive volume is a record of the major presentations at the NATO sponsored Advanced Research Workshop on The Development of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behaviour held at the Chateau de Bonas, Gers, France July 14-18, 1992. It is fitting that a meeting evaluating masculine and feminine 'characteristics' was located in the Gascony region immortalised in Alexandre Dumas epic, macho tale of The Three Musketeers. It is even more satisfying that Marc HAUG the French Director (a D' Artagnan equivalent) was ably assisted by a US/French Consortium of three co-Directors (Drs. Richard E. WHALEN, Claude ARON and Kathie L. OLSEN). The ARW also provided opportunities to explore the region around the Chateau, to appreciate the complex history of the area and to sample armagnac and other local gastronomic creations. A lively and varied cultural programme (classics to jazz) was also provided to maintain the interests and enthusiasms of the participants.
Sexing The Brain
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Author : Lesley J. Rogers
language : en
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Release Date : 2001
Sexing The Brain written by Lesley J. Rogers and has been published by Columbia University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Medical categories.
How much of sexual diversity is the result of nature versus nurture? Prevailing theories today lean heavily toward nature. Now a leading researcher in neuroscience and animal behavior shows how, in recent history, scientific claims about sex and gender differences have reflected the culture of the time. Although the conviction that genetics can explain everything is now widespread, the author demonstrates the interaction of culture and environment in the formation of behavioral traits and so provides an important corrective to popular notions of reductionism. Starting with a summary of sex and gender studies, Rogers explains the error of sex biasing, especially the once-assumed inferiority of women. She then addresses several modern studies and investigations, some of which assert that sex and gender differences are the product of genetic inheritance and hormones. Rogers uses laboratory evidence from studies of animals that help illustrate the biologically fluid properties of sex and gender. Sexing the Brain addresses a variety of topical questions: Are there sex differences in how we think and feel? Is language processed in different parts of the brain in men and women? Do social influences have a stronger influence on sexual behavior than sex hormone levels? Rogers concludes that "our biology does not bind us to remain the same.... We have the ability to change, and the future of sex differences belongs to us."
Sex Differences In The Central Nervous System
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Author : Rebecca M. Shansky
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2015-09-14
Sex Differences In The Central Nervous System written by Rebecca M. Shansky and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-14 with Science categories.
Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System offers a comprehensive examination of the current state of sex differences research, from both the basic science and clinical research perspectives. Given the current NIH directive that funded preclinical research must consider both females and males, this topic is of interest to an increasing percentage of the neuroscience research population. The volume serves as an invaluable resource, offering coverage of a wide range of topics: sex differences in cognition, learning, and memory, sex hormone signaling mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions, epigenetics, social behavior, neurologic disease, psychological disorders, and stress. Discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations are included. Details how sex hormones have widespread effects on the nervous system and influence the way males and females function Assists readers in determining how sex impacts their research and practice, and assists in determining how to adjust research programs to incorporate sex influences Includes discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations, and at various developmental stages Features revised and updated chapters by leaders in the field around the globe—the broadest, most expert coverage available