Sex And The Developing Brain
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Sex And The Developing Brain
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Author : Margaret M. McCarthy
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2017-08-31
Sex And The Developing Brain written by Margaret M. McCarthy and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-31 with Science categories.
The brains of males and females, men and women, are different, that is a fact. What is debated is how different and how important are those differences. Sex differences in the brain are determined by genetics, hormones, and experience, which in humans includes culture, society, and parental and peer expectations. The importance of nonbiological variables to sex differences in humans is paramount, making it difficult if not impossible to parse out those contributions that are truly biological. The study of animals provides us the opportunity to understand the magnitude and scope of biologically based sex differences in the brain, and understanding the cellular mechanisms provides us insight into novel sources of brain plasticity. Many sex differences are established during a developmental sensitive window by differences in the hormonal milieu of males versus females. The neonatal testis produces large amounts of testosterone which gains access to the brain and is further metabolized into active androgens and estrogens which modify brain development. Major parameters that are influenced by hormones include neurogenesis, cell death, neurochemical phenotype, axonal and dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis. Variance in these parameters results in sex differences in the size of particular brain regions, the projections between brain regions, and the number and type of synapses within particular brain regions. The cellular mechanisms are both region and endpoint specific and invoke many surprising systems such as prostaglandins, endocannabinoids, and cell death proteins. Epigenetic modifications to the genome both establish and maintain sex differences in the brain and behavior. By understanding when, why, and how sex differences in the brain are established, we may also learn the source of strong gender biases in the relative risk and severity of numerous neurological diseases and disorders of mental health. Boys are much more likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum or attention and hyperactivity disorders, as well as speech and language deficits, compared to girls. By contrast, women are more likely to suffer from affective disorders, such as depression, anxiety, compulsion, and eating disorders and more likely to experience autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Schizophrenia with an early onset is more common in males but a late-onset version is markedly more frequent in females. Male biased disorders have origins in development while female biased disorders are almost exclusively post-puberty. This remarkable shift in disease risk demands our attention. Novel insights into the biological origins of disease are also gained by comparing and contrasting the same processes in different sexes.
Sex And The Developing Brain
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Author : Margaret M. McCarthy
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2011
Sex And The Developing Brain written by Margaret M. McCarthy and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Medical categories.
The brains of males and females, men and women, are different-that is a fact. What is debated is how different and how important those differences are. Sex differences in the brain are determined by genetics, hormones, and experience, which in humans includes culture, society, and parental and peer expectations. The importance of nonbiological variables to sex differences in humans is paramount, making it difficult if not impossible to parse out those contributions that are truly biological. The study of animals provides us the opportunity to understand the magnitude and scope of biologically based sex differences in the brain and understanding the cellular mechanisms provides us insight into novel sources of brain plasticity. Many sex differences are established during a developmental sensitive window by differences in the hormonal milieu of males versus females. The neonatal testis produces large amounts of testosterone, which gains access to the brain and is further metabolized into active androgens and estrogens, which modify brain development. Major parameters that are influenced by hormones include neurogenesis, cell death, neurochemical phenotype, axonal and dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis. Variance in these parameters results in sex differences in the size of particular brain regions, the projections between brain regions, and the number and type of synapses within particular brain regions. The cellular mechanisms are both region and endpoint specific and invoke many surprising systems such as prostaglandins, endocannabinoids, and cell death proteins. By understanding when, why, and how sex differences in the brain are established, we may also learn the source of strong gender biases in the relative risk and severity of numerous neurological diseases and disorders of mental health, including but not limited to autism, dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and maj
Sex And The Developing Brain
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Author : Margaret McCarthy
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2010-11-01
Sex And The Developing Brain written by Margaret McCarthy and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-01 with Medical categories.
The brains of males and females, men and women, are different—that is a fact. What is debated is how different and how important those differences are. Sex differences in the brain are determined by genetics, hormones, and experience, which in humans includes culture, society, and parental and peer expectations. The importance of nonbiological variables to sex differences in humans is paramount, making it difficult if not impossible to parse out those contributions that are truly biological. The study of animals provides us the opportunity to understand the magnitude and scope of biologically based sex differences in the brain and understanding the cellular mechanisms provides us insight into novel sources of brain plasticity. Many sex differences are established during a developmental sensitive window by differences in the hormonal milieu of males versus females. The neonatal testis produces large amounts of testosterone, which gains access to the brain and is further metabolized into active androgens and estrogens, which modify brain development. Major parameters that are influenced by hormones include neurogenesis, cell death, neurochemical phenotype, axonal and dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis. Variance in these parameters results in sex differences in the size of particular brain regions, the projections between brain regions, and the number and type of synapses within particular brain regions. The cellular mechanisms are both region and endpoint specific and invoke many surprising systems such as prostaglandins, endocannabinoids, and cell death proteins. By understanding when, why, and how sex differences in the brain are established, we may also learn the source of strong gender biases in the relative risk and severity of numerous neurological diseases and disorders of mental health, including but not limited to autism, dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, and major depressive disorder.
Hooked
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Author : Joe S. McIlhaney, Jr.
language : en
Publisher: Moody Publishers
Release Date : 2019-01-01
Hooked written by Joe S. McIlhaney, Jr. and has been published by Moody Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-01 with Family & Relationships categories.
How sex is rewiring your brain—for good and for bad What does a three-pound brain have to do with one’s sex life? A lot, actually. Hooked is about what’s happening to your brain when you’re having sex. With scientific data put in layman’s terms, this book demonstrates that: Sexual activity releases chemicals in the brain, creating emotional bonds between partners. This is great news for marriages! Once formed, however, breaking these bonds can have damaging effects on the brain such as depression and difficulty bonding with someone else in the future. The continual forming and breaking of these bonds can have permanent effects on a person’s brain. PLUS! This updated edition also includes a brand new chapter about the effects of pornography on the brain. All this data about bonding, sex, and pornography has important implications in a casual sex culture. Regardless of what we wish were true, the facts tell us “safe sex” isn't as safe as it seems. Learn about your brain, the positive effects of sex within permanently committed relationships, and how you can protect yourself (especially your brain) from the dangers of casual sex.
Sex And The Brain
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Author : Gillian Einstein
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2007-10-19
Sex And The Brain written by Gillian Einstein and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-10-19 with Medical categories.
A collection of foundational texts on the nature and behavioral consequences of sex differences in the brain, allowing readers to follow the development of a rapidly growing but contentious field and giving them the tools to analyze emerging scientific findings from many perspectives. This collection of foundational papers on sex differences in the brain traces the development of a much-invoked, fast-growing young field at the intersection of brain and behavior. The reader is introduced to the meaning and nature of sexual dimorphisms, the mechanisms and consequences of steroid hormone action, and the impact of the field on interpretations of sexuality and gender. Building on each other in point-counterpoint fashion, the papers tell a fascinating story of an emerging science working out its core assumptions. Experimental and theoretical papers, woven together by editor's introductions, open a window onto knowledge in the making and a vigorous debate between reductionist and pluralist interpreters. Five major sections include papers on conceptual and methodological background, central nervous system dimorphisms, mechanisms for creating dimorphisms, dimorphisms and cognition, and dimorphisms and identity. Each section builds from basic concepts to early experiments, from experimental models to humans, and from molecules to mind. Papers by such leading scholars as Arthur Arnold, Frank Beach, Anne Fausto-Sterling, Patricia Goldman-Rakic, Doreen Kimura, Simon LeVay, Bruce McEwen, Michael Merzenich, Bertram O'Malley, Geoffrey Raisman, and Dick Swaab, illustrate a rich blend of perspectives, approaches, methods, and findings. Sex and the Brain will show students how a scientific paper can be analyzed from many perspectives, and supply them with critical tools for judging a rapidly emerging science in a contentious area.
Sex Specific Development Of The Human Brain
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Author : Susanne Neufang
language : de
Publisher: Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG
Release Date : 2009
Sex Specific Development Of The Human Brain written by Susanne Neufang and has been published by Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
With the emergence of non-invasive methods like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI), there is growing evidence of maturational changes in both neuro-anatomical structures and neural activation patterns. Developmental changes have been shown to last until adolescence. In study 1, we examined the impact of steroids on the developing brain and found that amygdala and hippocampal as well as parietal volumes were associated with circulating testosterone levels. In the studies 2 to 5 we adressed differences in brain activation patterns of attention between children and adults, where children were either normally developing children or children with ADHD. We found differences in the developmental trajectories in the fronto-striatal pathway between children with and without ADHD, as well as an increase in brain connectivity in a fronto- parietal network with adolescence. We conclude, that the puberty might have organizational effects on the developing human brain, which manifests itself in both, brain structure and function.
Sex Differences In The Central Nervous System
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Author : Rebecca M. Shansky
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2015-09-14
Sex Differences In The Central Nervous System written by Rebecca M. Shansky and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-14 with Science categories.
Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System offers a comprehensive examination of the current state of sex differences research, from both the basic science and clinical research perspectives. Given the current NIH directive that funded preclinical research must consider both females and males, this topic is of interest to an increasing percentage of the neuroscience research population. The volume serves as an invaluable resource, offering coverage of a wide range of topics: sex differences in cognition, learning, and memory, sex hormone signaling mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions, epigenetics, social behavior, neurologic disease, psychological disorders, and stress. Discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations are included. Details how sex hormones have widespread effects on the nervous system and influence the way males and females function Assists readers in determining how sex impacts their research and practice, and assists in determining how to adjust research programs to incorporate sex influences Includes discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations, and at various developmental stages Features revised and updated chapters by leaders in the field around the globe—the broadest, most expert coverage available
Sex In The Brain
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Author : Amee Baird
language : en
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Release Date : 2020-02-04
Sex In The Brain written by Amee Baird and has been published by Columbia University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-04 with Psychology categories.
What controls our sex lives? Our brains. Yet there is surprisingly little research into how our brains influence one of the most fundamental of all human behaviors. And there is even less understanding of what can happen to the sexuality of a person who suffers a brain injury or illness such as a stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or dementia. In Sex in the Brain, clinical neuropsychologist Amee Baird explores fascinating case studies of dramatic changes in sexual behavior and explains what these exceptional stories have to say about human sexuality. She illuminates the extraordinary insights into how the brain works that injury or disease can divulge. Each chapter includes striking personal accounts, many from individuals Baird has met in her clinical practice, of unexpected shifts in sexuality. Until now these fascinating, frightening, and funny stories have been hidden in medical journals or untold outside of the clinical setting. This revealing and sometimes heartbreaking book unfolds a better understanding of the links between brain function and our sexual selves.
Sex On The Brain
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Author : Deborah Blum
language : en
Publisher: Penguin
Release Date : 1998-07-01
Sex On The Brain written by Deborah Blum and has been published by Penguin this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-07-01 with Social Science categories.
Go beyond the headlines and the hype to get the newest findings in the burgeoning field of gender studies. Drawing on disciplines that include evolutionary science, anthropology, animal behavior, neuroscience, psychology, and endocrinology, Deborah Blum explores matters ranging from the link between immunology and sex to male/female gossip styles. The results are intriguing, startling, and often very amusing. For instance, did you know that. . . • Male testosterone levels drop in happy marriages; scientists speculate that women may use monogamy to control male behavior • Young female children who are in day-care are apt to be more secure than those kept at home; young male children less so • Anthropologists classify Western societies as "mildly polygamous" The Los Angeles Times has called Sex on the Brain "superbly crafted science writing, graced by unusual compassion, wit, and intelligence, that forms an important addition to the literature of gender studies."
The Female Brain
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Author : Louann Brizendine
language : en
Publisher: Random House
Release Date : 2009-05-04
The Female Brain written by Louann Brizendine and has been published by Random House this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-05-04 with Science categories.
Accessible, fun and compelling, and based on more than three decades of research, The Female Brain will help women to better understand themselves - and the men in their lives. In this groundbreaking book, Dr Louann Brizendine describes the uniquely flexible structure of the female brain and its constant, dynamic state of change - the key difference that separates it from that of the male - and reveals how women think, what they value, how they communicate, and whom they'll love. She also reveals the neurological explanations behind why... - A woman remembers fights that a man insists never happened... - Thoughts about sex enter a woman's brain perhaps once every couple of days, but may enter a man's brain up to once every minute... - A woman's brain goes on high alert during pregnancy - and stays that way long after giving birth... - A woman over 50 is more likely to initiate divorce than a man... - Women tend to know what people are feeling, while men can't spot an emotion unless someone cries or threatens them with bodily harm!