Soft X Ray Optics
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Soft X Ray Optics
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Author : Eberhard Spiller
language : en
Publisher: SPIE Press
Release Date : 1994
Soft X Ray Optics written by Eberhard Spiller and has been published by SPIE Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Medical categories.
This text describes optics mainly in the 10 to 500 angstrom wavelength region. These wavelengths are 50 to 100 times shorter than those for visible light and 50 to 100 times longer than the wavelengths of medical x rays or x-ray diffraction from natural crystals. There have been substantial advances during the last 20 years, which one can see as an extension of optical technology to shorter wavelengths or as an extension of x-ray diffraction to longer wavelengths. Artificial diffracting structures like zone plates and multilayer mirrors are replacing the natural crystals of x-ray diffraction. Some of these structures can now be fabricated to have diffraction-limited resolution. The new possibilities are described in a simple, tutorial way.
Optical Systems For Soft X Rays
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Author : A.G. Michette
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Optical Systems For Soft X Rays written by A.G. Michette and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
A fundamental problem in cell biology is the cause of aging. The solution to this problem has not yet been obtained because,(l) until recently, it was not possible to image living cells directly. The use of low-energy (soft) X rays has made such imaging possible, perhaps thereby allowing the aging process to be understood and possibly overcome (a result that may well generate further social, moral, and ethical problems). Fortun ately this is not the only aspect of cell biology amenable to soft X-ray imaging, and it is envisaged that many less controversial studies--such as investigations of the detailed differences between healthy and diseased or malignant cells (in their natural states) and processes of cell division and growth-will be made possible. The use of soft X rays is not limited to biological studies-many applications are possible in, for example, fusion research, materials science, and astronomy. Such studies have only recently begun in earnest because several difficulties had to be overcome, major among these being the lack (for some purposes) of sufficiently intense sources, and the technological difficulties associated with making efficient optical systems. As is well known, the advent of dedicated synchrotron radiation sources, in particular, has alleviated the first of these difficulties, not just for the soft X-ray region. It is the purpose of this book to consider progress in the second.
Soft X Ray Optics And Technology
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Author : Ernst-Eckhard Koch
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Soft X Ray Optics And Technology written by Ernst-Eckhard Koch and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Grenz rays categories.
Ultraviolet And Soft X Ray Free Electron Lasers
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Author : Peter Schmüser
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2008-09-18
Ultraviolet And Soft X Ray Free Electron Lasers written by Peter Schmüser and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-09-18 with Science categories.
The high scienti?c interest in coherent X-ray light sources has stimulated world-wide e?orts in developing X-ray lasers. In this book a particularly promising approach is described, the free-electron laser (FEL), which is p- sued worldwide and holds the promise to deliver ultra-bright X-ray pulses of femtosecond duration. Other types of X-ray lasers are not discussed nor do we try a comparison of the relative virtues and drawbacks of di?erent concepts. The book has an introductory character and is written in the style of a universitytextbookforthemanynewcomerstothe?eldoffree-electronlasers, graduate students as well as accelerator physicists, engineers and technicians; it is not intended to be a scienti?c monograph for the experts in the ?eld. Building on lectures by one of us (J. R.) at the CERN Accelerator School, and motivated by the positive response to a series of seminars on “FEL t- ory for pedestrians”, given by P. S. within the framework of the Academic Training Program at DESY, we have aimed at presenting the theory of the low-gainandthehigh-gainFELinaclearandconcisemathematicallanguage. Particular emphasis is put on explaining and justifying the assumptions and approximations that are needed to obtain the di?erential equations descr- ing the FEL dynamics. Although we have tried our best to be “simple”, the mathematical derivations are certainly not always as simple as one would like them to be. However, we are not aware of any easier approach to the FEL theory. Some of the more involved calculations are put into the appendices.
X Ray Optics
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Author : A. Authier
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1977
X Ray Optics written by A. Authier and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with Science categories.
Soft X Ray Optics For Spectromicroscopy At The Advanced Light Source
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Soft X Ray Optics For Spectromicroscopy At The Advanced Light Source written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
A variety of systems for performing spectromicroscopy, spatially resolved spectroscopy, are in operation or under construction at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). For example, part of the program is centered around the surface analysis problems of local semiconductor industries, and this has required the construction of a microscope with wafer handling, fiducialization, optical microscopy, coordinated ion beam etching, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) integrated in this case with Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) grazing incidence micro-focusing optics. The microscope is to be used in conjunction with a highly efficient entrance slitless Spherical Grating Monochromator (SGM). The design and expected performance of this instrument will be described, with emphasis on the production of the elliptically curved surfaces of the K-B mirrors by elastic bending of flat mirror substrates. For higher resolution, zone-plate (Z-P) focusing optics are used and one instrument, a Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) is in routine operation on undulator beamline 7.0. A second Z-P based system is being commissioned on the same beamline, and differs from the STXM in that it will operate at Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) and will be able to perform XPS at 0.1[micro]m spatial resolution. Spatially resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) can be performed by imaging electrons photoemitted from a material with a Photo-Emission Electron Microscope (PEEM). The optical requirements of a beamline designed for PEEM are very different to those of micro-focus systems and they give examples of bending magnet and undulator based instruments.
X Ray Microscopy
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Author : G. Schmahl
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2013-04-17
X Ray Microscopy written by G. Schmahl and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Science categories.
X-ray microscopy fills a gap between optical and electron microscopy. Using soft x-rays, a resolution higher than with visible light can be obtained. In comparison to electron microscopy, thick, wet, unstained specimens can be examined. This is especially advantageous for biological applications. The intense synchrotron radiation of electron storage rings and the de velopment of optical elements for soft x-rays render x-ray microscopy feasi ble for basic research. Wider applications will be possible in the future with the development of laboratory x-ray sources and microscopes. In 1979 a conference on x-ray microscopy was organized by the New York Academy of Sciences and in 1981 a symposium on high resolution soft x-ray optics was held at Brookhaven. The present volume contains the contributions to the sympos i um "X-Ray Microscopy", organ i zed by the Akademie der Wi ssen schaften in Gottingen in September 1983. In their capacity as conference chairmen, the editors would like to thank the Akademie der Wissenschaften, especially Prof. H.G. Wagner, Secretary of the Academy, and Mr. J. Pfahlert for organizing the symposium. We are in debted to the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk for financial support. The symposium was held at the Max-Planck-Institut fUr Stromungsforschung. We are grateful for their hospitality and assistance during the symposium. Thanks are due to all authors and to the Springer Verlag for their combined efforts. We thank Dipl.-Phys. P. Guttmann, Dr. B. Niemann and Mrs. A. Marienhagen for their assistance during the final preparation of the manuscripts.
High Resolution Soft X Ray Optics
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Author : Eberhard Spiller
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1982
High Resolution Soft X Ray Optics written by Eberhard Spiller and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with Science categories.
Optical Systems For Soft X Rays
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Author : A.G. Michette
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1884
Optical Systems For Soft X Rays written by A.G. Michette and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1884 with Science categories.
A fundamental problem in cell biology is the cause of aging. The solution to this problem has not yet been obtained because,(l) until recently, it was not possible to image living cells directly. The use of low-energy (soft) X rays has made such imaging possible, perhaps thereby allowing the aging process to be understood and possibly overcome (a result that may well generate further social, moral, and ethical problems). Fortun ately this is not the only aspect of cell biology amenable to soft X-ray imaging, and it is envisaged that many less controversial studies--such as investigations of the detailed differences between healthy and diseased or malignant cells (in their natural states) and processes of cell division and growth-will be made possible. The use of soft X rays is not limited to biological studies-many applications are possible in, for example, fusion research, materials science, and astronomy. Such studies have only recently begun in earnest because several difficulties had to be overcome, major among these being the lack (for some purposes) of sufficiently intense sources, and the technological difficulties associated with making efficient optical systems. As is well known, the advent of dedicated synchrotron radiation sources, in particular, has alleviated the first of these difficulties, not just for the soft X-ray region. It is the purpose of this book to consider progress in the second.
X Ray Optics And Surface Science
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Author : A. V. Vinogradov
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
X Ray Optics And Surface Science written by A. V. Vinogradov and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Science categories.