Soil Emission Of Nitrous Oxide And Its Mitigation
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Soil Emission Of Nitrous Oxide And Its Mitigation
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Author : David Ussiri
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-11-13
Soil Emission Of Nitrous Oxide And Its Mitigation written by David Ussiri and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-13 with Science categories.
Nitrous oxide gas is a long-lived relatively active greenhouse gas (GHG) with an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 120 years, and heat trapping effects about 310 times more powerful than carbon dioxide per molecule basis. It contributes about 6% of observed global warming. Nitrous oxide is not only a potent GHG, but it also plays a significant role in the depletion of stratospheric ozone. This book describes the anthropogenic sources of N2O with major emphasis on agricultural activities. It summarizes an overview of global cycling of N and the role of nitrous oxide on global warming and ozone depletion, and then focus on major source, soil borne nitrous oxide emissions. The spatial-temporal variation of soil nitrous oxide fluxes and underlying biogeochemical processes are described, as well as approaches to quantify fluxes of N2O from soils. Mitigation strategies to reduce the emissions, especially from agricultural soils, and fertilizer nitrogen sources are described in detail in the latter part of the book.
Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Agriculture In A Changing Global Environment
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Author : Charlotte Decock
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Agriculture In A Changing Global Environment written by Charlotte Decock and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Agricultural soils encompass one of the major sources of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone depleting substance. Therefore, accurate prediction of N2O emissions from soils and development of effective mitigation strategies are pertinent. However, the scientific understanding of mechanisms underlying N2O emissions is limited, in part, by the lack of suitable methods to assess sources of N2O, especially under field conditions and in undisturbed soil cores. In this dissertation, two ecological applications of source-partitioning N2O were considered: (1) the feedback of N2O emissions to elevated atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 and (2) mechanisms underlying N2O emissions during a simulated rainfall event in a tomato cropping system in California. Furthermore, four methods were evaluated for their utility in source-partitioning N2O with minimal disturbance of the system: (1) tracing of added 15N enriched NH4 and/or NO3− to N2O, (2) use of natural abundance 15N of N2O and its precursors, (3) measuring the intramolecular distribution of 15N in N2O, expressed as site preference (SP), and (4) determining relationships between natural abundance 18O and 15N. Method comparisons elucidated that the use of isotope models that include all natural abundance isotopes of N2O and its precursors and uncertainty deductions for isotope fractionation factors to estimate N transformation rates and sources of N2O during peak N2O emissions is the most promising approach to improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying N2O emissions with minimal sampling-associated disturbance of the system. Various approaches to study sources of N2O and N-cycling suggested that elevated CO2 and O3 will unlikely cause a feedback on global climate change through altered N2O emissions in soybean agroecosystems in the Midwestern USA. Furthermore, elevated CO2 decelerated, whereas elevated O3 accelerated N-cycling if integrated over longer time scales. In a California tomato cropping system, N2O reduction to N2 decreased progressively as soil dried out following wetting up. Overall, this dissertation illustrates the added benefit of studying mechanisms underlying N2O emissions in addition to field N2O fluxes per se and encourages further research to source-partition N2O emissions and its needed methodology to understand N2O responses of agroecosystems in a changing global environment.
Mitigation Of Nitrous Oxide Emissions During Nitrification And Denitrification Processes In Agricultural Soils Using Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers
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Author : Yoshitaka Uchida
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Mitigation Of Nitrous Oxide Emissions During Nitrification And Denitrification Processes In Agricultural Soils Using Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers written by Yoshitaka Uchida and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Electronic books categories.
Through the increasing use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers due to an increasing food demand, the agricultural sector is the main contributor of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, mainly through microbial processes called nitrification and denitrification. One option to mitigate N2O, a major greenhouse gas, is to use enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs). There are different types of EEFs like nitrification inhibitors or controlled-release fertilizers that aim to match the N release from fertilizers with N demands from plants. Parts of the chapter are also dedicated to organic amendments and their effects on N2O emissions. Overall, EEFs can improve the N-use efficiency of plants, which has two positive effects. First, farmers can increase their yields, and second, environmental pollution through excessive fertilizer N can be minimized. However, the effectiveness of EEFs strongly depends on numerous factors like land use type, application method, and climate. More studies are needed to establish individual fertilizer plans that are optimized for the prevalent conditions. In conclusion, N2O mitigation using EEFs is only advisable when ,Äúinitial,Äù N2O emissions from conventional fertilizers are critically contributing to annual N2O emissions. Thus, careful assessment is needed before EEFs are introduced to the system especially when economic and ecologic results are considered.
The Effects Of Different Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms On N2o Emissions From Arable Soils Under Aerobic Conditions
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Author : Jens Tierling
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2017-05-02
The Effects Of Different Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms On N2o Emissions From Arable Soils Under Aerobic Conditions written by Jens Tierling and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-02 with Science categories.
Intensively managed agricultural soils are a major source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), mainly due to the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizers which stimulate microbial processes in soils that form N2O. While oxidized N fertilizer forms can be subject to denitrification, reduced N forms must first be oxidized by nitrification to become available for denitrification. Because the contribution of these processes to N2O emissions depends on the prevailing soil conditions, the choice of the N fertilizer form has the potential to mitigate N2O emissions from fertilized soils. The present study focused on comparing amid-, ammonium- and nitrate-based mineral fertilizers with regard to nitrogen transformation dynamics and N2O production under controlled as well as field conditions. For this two distinct methodological approaches to measure N2O emissions were evaluated and deployed. Furthermore, the effects of soil pH and the alkalizing hydrolysis of urea were investigated. It was shown that especially under aerobic conditions the N fertilizer form can significantly affect N2O production in soils, and that nitrite dynamics are important especially for nitrification-derived N2O emissions. Thus, the careful consideration of the N fertilizer form can be a measure to mitigate emissions from farmland.
Mitigation Of Carbon Dioxide And Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Soil Elucidating The Impacts Of Nitrification Inhibitors Environmental Factors Soil Characteristics And Biogas Residues Acidification
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Author : Yafei Guo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Mitigation Of Carbon Dioxide And Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Soil Elucidating The Impacts Of Nitrification Inhibitors Environmental Factors Soil Characteristics And Biogas Residues Acidification written by Yafei Guo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Biogas categories.
Nitrous Oxide And Climate Change
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Author : Keith Smith
language : en
Publisher: Earthscan
Release Date : 2010
Nitrous Oxide And Climate Change written by Keith Smith and has been published by Earthscan this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Political Science categories.
"Nitrous oxide, N2O, is the third most important (in global warming terms) of the greenhouse gases, after carbon dioxide and methane. As this book describes, although it only comprises 320 parts per billion of the earth's atmosphere, it has a so-called Global Warming Potential nearly 300 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. N2O emissions are difficult to estimate, because they are predominantly biogenic in origin. The N2O is formed in soils and oceans throughout the world, by the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification, that utilise the reactive N compounds ammonium and nitrate, respectively. These forms of nitrogen are released during the natural biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, but are also released by human activity. In fact, the quantity of these compounds entering the biosphere has virtually doubled since the beginning of the industrial age, and this increase has been matched by a corresponding increase in N2O emissions. The largest source is now agriculture, driven mainly by the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. The other major diffuse source derives from release of NOx into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, as well as ammonia from livestock manure. Some N2O also comes directly from combustion, and from two processes in the chemical industry: the production of nitric acid, and the production of adipic acid, used in nylon manufacture. Action is being taken to curb the industrial point-source emissions of N2O, but measures to limit or reduce agricultural emissions are inherently more difficult to devise. As we enter an era in which measures are being explored to reduce fossil fuel use and/or capture or sequester the CO2 emissions from the fuel, it is likely that the relative importance of N2O in the 'Kyoto basket' of greenhouse gases will increase, because comparable mitigation measures for N2O are inherently more difficult, and because expansion of the land area devoted to crops, to feed the increasing global population and to accommodate the current development of biofuels, is likely to lead to an increase in N fertiliser use, and thus N2O emission, worldwide. The aim of this book is to provide a synthesis of scientific information on the primary sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and an assessment of likely trends in atmospheric concentrations over the next century and the potential for mitigation measures"--Publisher's description.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Rice Fields
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Author : Deepanjan Majumdar
language : en
Publisher: Nova Science Pub Incorporated
Release Date : 2009
Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Rice Fields written by Deepanjan Majumdar and has been published by Nova Science Pub Incorporated this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Science categories.
Atmospheric presence of nitrous oxide (N2O) is known for many years but its concentration has increased alarmingly by 46 ppbv (17%) since 1750 and by 0.0008 ppb yr-1 during 1990-1999. Nitrous oxide is a 296 times more potent greenhouse gas than CO2 on a 100-year time scale and causes enhanced greenhouse effect, a phenomenon first discovered in 1976. Nitrous oxide emission from 1750 to 2000 has caused an atmospheric radiative forcing of 0.15 W m-2. Moreover, N2O is indirectly involved in catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone. Due to its atmospheric lifetime of about 120-150 years, atmospheric N2O burden will persist for many years even if its emission is stopped now. Various estimates differ widely on the contribution of agriculture in anthropogenic N2O emissions viz. 96%, 81%, 76%, 65% etc. Although several studies on N2O emissions from rice have been done in last two decades, no clear-cut contribution of rice or any other crop, for that matter, on atmospheric N2O loading has been worked out till date. Only less than 1% of applied N is lost through N2O from rice fields and its overall amount and radiative forcing are much lower than CH4, the major greenhouse gas emitted from rice fields. Possible sources of N for N2O emission in rice fields are fertilisers, manures and green manures, irrigation water, N fixed by floodwater algae, plant debris and as long as rice cultivation exists, N2O will be emitted. It has been suggested that N2O emission from agriculture might increase by 90% during 1986 to 2026. Monitoring of N2O from rice hasn't been done as extensively as CH4, as emission of former is low due to reduction to N2 in flooded rice fields. Since, overall amount of fertiliser N usage and acreage of rice are increasing, N2O emission might increase appreciably globally and so, monitoring of N2O emission from different rice ecosystems and estimating realistic regional and global budgets form rice ecosystems assume high significance. Efforts to predict N2O emissions through simulation of soil N pathways are underway, but it is difficult since emission from rice soil is controlled by the real-time field conditions and fluctuations in cultural practices. Whatever be the emission, it creates environmental disturbance slowly but surely. Efforts should be focused on the mitigation of N2O emission without compromising crop production, degrading the environment and creating pressure on financial resources.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions And Mitigation Strategies
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Author : Helena Pfab
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Nitrous Oxide Emissions And Mitigation Strategies written by Helena Pfab and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Mitigating Gaseous Nitrogen And Carbon Losses From Northeastern Agricultural Soils Via Alternative Soil Management Practices
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Author : Kyle Michael Dittmer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Mitigating Gaseous Nitrogen And Carbon Losses From Northeastern Agricultural Soils Via Alternative Soil Management Practices written by Kyle Michael Dittmer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Climatic changes categories.
Traditional agricultural practices often result in gaseous losses of nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), and carbon dioxide (CO2), representing a net loss of nutrients from agricultural soils, which negatively impacts crop yield and requires farmers to increase nutrient inputs. By adopting best management practices (BMPs; i.e., no-tillage, cover crops, sub-surface manure application, and proper manure application timing), there is great potential to reduce these losses. Because N2O and CO2 are also greenhouse gases (GHGs), climate change mitigation via BMP adoption and emissions reductions would be an important co-benefit. However, adopting a no-tillage and cover cropping system has had setbacks within the Northeast, primarily due to concerns regarding manure nitrogen (N) losses in no-tillage systems as well as uncertainty surrounding the benefits of cover crops. This thesis used two field-trials located in Alburgh, Vermont to assess differences in (i) GHG emissions from agricultural soils, (ii) nitrate and ammonium retention, (iii) corn yield and protein content, and (iv) N uptake and retention via cover crop scavenging under a combination of different BMPs. Chapter 1 evaluates the effects of different reduced-tillage practices and manure application methods (i.e., vertical-tillage, no-tillage, manure injection, and broadcast manure application) on reducing N2O and CO2 emissions, retaining inorganic N, and improving crop yields. Greenhouse gas measurements were collected every other week for the growing season of 2015-2017 via static chamber method using a photoacoustic gas analyzer. Results from this study showed that tillage regimes and manure application method did not interact to affect any of the three research objectives, although differences between individual BMPs were observed. Notably, vertical tillage enhanced CO2 emissions relative to no-tillage, demonstrating the role of soil disturbance and aeration on aerobic microbial C transformations. Manure injection was found to significantly enhance both N2O and CO2 emission relative to broadcast application, likely due to the formation of anerobic micro-zones created from liquid manure injection. However, plots that received manure injection retained greater concentrations of soil nitrate, a vital nutrient for quality crop production, thereby highlighting a major tradeoff between gaseous N losses and N retention with manure injection. Chapter 2 evaluates the effects of tillage practices and timing of manure application to increase N retention with the use of cover crops in order to mitigate GHG emissions, enhance soil nitrate and ammonium retention, and improve cropping system N uptake. Treatments at this field trial consisted of a combination of the presence or absence of cover crops, no-tillage or conventional-tillage, and spring or fall manure application. Greenhouse gas emissions were measured every other week via static chamber method using a gas chromatograph for the growing season of 2018. Results from this study showed that the presence of cover crops enhanced both N2O and CO2 emissions relative to fallow land, irrespective of tillage regime and manure application season, likely as a result of greater N and carbon substrates entering the soil upon cover crop decomposition. Due to enhanced N2O emissions with cover crops, cover crops did not retain significantly greater inorganic N in the system upon termination.
Mitigation Of Climate Change By Nitrogen Managements In Agriculture
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Author : Kazuyuki Inubushi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Mitigation Of Climate Change By Nitrogen Managements In Agriculture written by Kazuyuki Inubushi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Electronic books categories.
Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.