Speech Masking Speech In Everyday Communication
DOWNLOAD
Download Speech Masking Speech In Everyday Communication PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get Speech Masking Speech In Everyday Communication book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
Speech Masking Speech In Everyday Communication
DOWNLOAD
Author : Victoria Stenbäck
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2016-12-14
Speech Masking Speech In Everyday Communication written by Victoria Stenbäck and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-12-14 with categories.
Age affects hearing and cognitive abilities. Older people, with and without hearing impairment (HI), exhibit difficulties in hearing speech in noise. Elderly individuals show greater difficulty in segregating target speech from distracting background noise, especially if the noise is competing speech with meaningful contents, so called informational maskers. Working memory capacity (WMC) has proven to be a crucial factor in comprehending speech in noise, especially for people with hearing loss. In auditory scenes where speech is disrupted by competing speech, high WMC has proven to facilitate the ability to segregate target speech and inhibit responses to irrelevant information. People with low WMC are more prone to be disrupted by competing speech and exhibit more difficulties in hearing target speech in complex listening environments. Furthermore, elderly individuals with a HI experience more difficulties in switching attention between wanted and irrelevant stimuli, and they employ more resources and time to attend to the stimuli than do normally - hearing (NH) younger adults. This thesis investigated the importance of inhibitory control and WMC for speech recognition in noise, and perceived listening effort. Four studies were conducted. In the first study, the aim was to develop a test of inhibitory control for verbal content, and to investigate the relation between inhibitory control and WMC, and how these two abilities related to speech recognition in noise, in young normally – hearing (YNH) individuals. In the second study we aimed to investigate the same relationship as in the first study to further strengthen the validity of the inhibitory test developed, as well as the importance of lexical access. It was also an aim to investigate the influence of age and hearing status on lexical access and WMC, and their respective roles for speech recognition in noise in both YNH and elderly HI (EHI) individuals. Study one and two showed that, for YNH, inhibitory control was related to speech recognition in noise, indicating that inhibitory control can help to predict speech recognition in noise performance. The relationship between WMC and speech recognition in noise in YNH shifted in the studies, suggesting that this relationship is multifaceted and varying. Lexical access was of little importance for YNH, although for EHI individuals, both WMC and lexical access was of importance for speech recognition in noise, suggesting that different cognitive abilities were of importance for the YNH and EHI individuals Study three investigated the relationship between inhibitory control, WMC, speech recognition in noise, and perceived listening effort, in YNH and elderly, for their age, NH, individuals (ENH). In study four the same relationships as in study three were investigated, albeit in EHI individuals. Two speech materials with different characteristics, masked with four background noises were used. The results in study three showed that less favourable SNRs were needed for informational maskers than for maskers without semantic content. ENH individuals were more susceptible to informational maskers than YNH individuals. In contrast, in study four, more favourable SNRs were needed for informational maskers. In both studies, results showed that speech recognition in noise performance differed depending on the characteristics of the speech material. The studies showed that high WMC, compared to low WMC, was beneficial for speech recognition in noise, especially for informational maskers, and resulted in lower ratings of perceived effort. Varying results were found in study three and four regarding perceived effort and inhibitory control. In study three good inhibitory control was associated with lower effort rating, while in study four, individuals with a HI and good inhibitory control rated effort as higher. The results suggest that hearing status, age, and cognitive abilities, contribute to the differences in performance between YNH, ENH, and EHI individuals in speech – recognition – in – noise - and cognitive tasks. This thesis has, for the first time, demonstrated that a measure of inhibitory control of verbal content, is related to speech recognition in noise performance in YNH, ENH and EHI individuals. Results presented in this thesis also show that both WMC and inhibitory control are related to an individuals’ perception of how effortful a listening task is. It also adds to the literature that WMC is related to speech recognition in noise performance for ENH and EHI individuals, but that this relationship is not as robust in YNH individuals. Ålder påverkar hörseln och de kognitiva förmågorna. Äldre personer, med och utan hörselnedsättning, uppvisar ofta svårigheter att höra tal i miljöer med bakgrundsljud. De uppvisar större svårigheter att urskilja en måltalare, speciellt om det omgivande ljudet består av annat tal med meningsfullt innehåll, så kallad informationsmaskering. Arbetsminne har visat sig vara en viktig faktor för att förstå tal – i – brus, framför allt för personer med hörselnedsättning. I ljudmiljöer där tal störs av andra talkällor är hög arbetsminneskapacitet av vikt för att understödja förmågan att urskilja måltalaren från de störande talkällorna genom att underlätta inhiberingen av irrelevant information. Individer med lägre arbetsminneskapacitet är mer benägna att störas av andra talkällor, och har svårare att uppfatta måltalaren i komplexa lyssningssituationer. Vidare upplever äldre personer med hörselnedsättning att det är svårare att skifta uppmärksamheten mellan relevant och irrelevant stimuli, och de använder mer resurser och tid till omgivande stimuli än, ex. yngre individer med normal hörsel. I den här avhandlingen undersöktes vikten av inhibitionskontroll och arbetsminne vid taluppfattning i brus och upplevelsen av lyssningsansträngning. Fyra studier genomfördes. Syftet med första studien var att utveckla ett test för verbal inhibitionskontroll, och att undersöka relationen mellan inhibitionskontroll, arbetsminneskapacitet, och deras koppling till taluppfattning i brus hos yngre normalhörande personer. I studie två undersöktes ovanstående relationer för att vidare styrka validiteten för testet av inhibitionskontroll, samt vikten av lexikal åtkomst. Vidare syfte var att undersöka ålderns och hörselns inverkan på lexikal åtkomst och arbetsminneskapacitet, och deras respektive roller för taluppfattning i brus hos både yngre normalhörande och äldre hörselnedsatta personer. Studie ett och två visade att inhibitionskontroll var relaterad till taluppfattning i brus för yngre normalhörande personer, vilket indikerar att inhibitionskontroll kan användas för att underlätta att förutsäga förmågan att uppfatta tal – i – brus. Relationen mellan arbetsminneskapacitet och taluppfattning i brus hos yngre normalhörande var inte solid, vilket tyder på att relationen är mångsidig och skiftande. Lexikal åtkomst var av mindre betydelse för yngre normalhörande personer, ehuru hos äldre hörselskadade personer var både arbetsminneskapacitet och lexikal åtkomst viktigt för taluppfattning i brus. Detta tyder på att olika kognitiva förmågor var betydelsefulla för taluppfattningen i brus för yngre normalhörande och äldre hörselskadade personer. Studie tre undersökte relationen mellan inhibitionskontroll, arbetsminneskapacitet, taluppfattning i brus, och upplevd lyssningsansträngning hos yngre och äldre, för sin ålder, normalhörande personer. Två talmaterial med olika karakteristika användes och maskerades med fyra olika bakgrundsbrus. Resultatet visade att mindre gynnsamma signal – brus - förhållanden uppnåddes när informationsmaskering användes jämfört med brus utan semantiskt innehåll. Äldre normalhörande personer var mer mottagliga för informationsmaskering än yngre normalhörande personer. Hög arbetsminneskapacitet och god inhibitionskontroll var förmånliga för taluppfattning i brus, och resulterade i mindre upplevd lyssningsansträngning, jämfört med personer med lägre arbetsminneskapacitet och sämre inhibitionskontroll. Resultaten talar för att åldersrelaterade tillbakagångar i hörförmåga och, vissa, kognitiva förmågor, bidrar till skillnaderna i prestation mellan yngre och äldre normalhörande personer när det gäller förmågan att uppfatta tal - i - brus. Studie fyra undersökte samma relationer som i studie tre, ehuru hos äldre personer med mild – måttlig sensorineural hörselnedsättning. Resultaten visade att förmågan att uppfatta tal - i - brus varierade beroende på talmaterialets karakteristika, samt vilket bakgrundsbrus som användes. Hög arbetsminneskapacitet och god inhibitionskontroll var fördelaktiga för taluppfattningen, i synnerhet när informationsmaskering användes. Personer med högt arbetsminne upplevde mindre lyssningsansträngning, medan god inhibitionskontroll associerades med högre upplevd lyssningsansträngning. I föreliggande avhandling har det, för första gången, påvisats att verbal inhibitionskontroll relaterar till förmågan att uppfatta tal – i – brus hos yngre och äldre normalhörande, och äldre personer med hörselnedsättning. Resultaten som presenterats i avhandlingen visar att både arbetsminneskapacitet och inhibitionskontroll är associerade med en individs upplevelse av hur ansträngande en lyssningssituation är. Avhandlingen stödjer även tidigare forskning som visar på att arbetsminneskapaciteten är relaterad till förmågan att uppfatta tal – i – brus hos äldre normalhörande, och äldre hörselskadade personer, men att denna relation inte är lika solid för yngre normalhörande personer.
Computing Control Information And Education Engineering
DOWNLOAD
Author : Hsiang-Chuan Liu
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2015-08-18
Computing Control Information And Education Engineering written by Hsiang-Chuan Liu and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-18 with Computers categories.
This proceedings set contains selected Computer, Information and Education Technology related papers from the 2015 International Conference on Computer, Intelligent Computing and Education Technology (CICET 2015), to be held April 11-12, 2015 in Guilin, P.R. China. The proceedings aims to provide a platform for researchers, engineers and academics
Essentials Of Communication Sciences Disorders
DOWNLOAD
Author : Fogle
language : en
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning
Release Date : 2017-10-20
Essentials Of Communication Sciences Disorders written by Fogle and has been published by Jones & Bartlett Learning this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-20 with Medical categories.
Fully revised and updated, Essentials of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Second Edition is an accessible and engaging introductory resource for students new to communication sciences and disorders. This text covers basic information about speech disorders in both children and adults, while numerous case scenarios and personal stories paint a vivid picture of the profession. Important Notice: The digital edition of this book is missing some of the images or content found in the physical edition.
The Role Of Working Memory And Executive Function In Communication Under Adverse Conditions
DOWNLOAD
Author : Mary Rudner
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-06-20
The Role Of Working Memory And Executive Function In Communication Under Adverse Conditions written by Mary Rudner and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-06-20 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.
Communication is vital for social participation. However, communication often takes place under suboptimal conditions. This makes communication harder and less reliable, leading at worst to social isolation. In order to promote participation, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying communication in different situations. Human communication is often speech based, either oral or written, but may also involve gesture, either accompanying speech or in the form of sign language. For communication to be achieved, a signal generated by one person has to be perceived by another person, attended to, comprehended and responded to. This process may be hindered by adverse conditions including factors that may be internal to the sender (e.g. incomplete or idiosyncratic language production), occur during transmission (e.g. background noise or signal processing) or be internal to the receiver (e.g. poor grasp of the language or sensory impairment). The extent to which these factors interact to generate adverse conditions may differ across the lifespan. Recent work has shown that successful speech communication under adverse conditions is associated with good cognitive capacity including efficient working memory and executive abilities such as updating and inhibition. Further, frontoparietal networks associated with working memory and executive function have been shown to be activated to a greater degree when it is harder to achieve speech comprehension. To date, less work has focused on sign language communication under adverse conditions or the role of gestures accompanying speech communication under adverse conditions. It has been proposed that the role of working memory in communication under such conditions is to keep fragments of an incomplete signal in mind, updating them as appropriate and inhibiting irrelevant information, until an adequate match can be achieved with lexical and semantic representations held in long term memory. Recent models of working memory highlight an episodic buffer whose role is the multimodal integration of information from the senses and long term memory. It is likely that the episodic buffer plays a key role in communication under adverse conditions. The aim of this research topic is to draw together multiple perspectives on communication under adverse conditions including empirical and theoretical approaches. This will facilitate a scientific exchange among individual scientists and groups studying different aspects of communication under adverse conditions and/or the role of cognition in communication. As such, this topic belongs firmly within the field of Cognitive Hearing Science. Exchange of ideas among scientists with different perspectives on these issues will allow researchers to identify and highlight the way in which different internal and external factors interact to make communication in different modalities more or less successful across the lifespan. Such exchange is the forerunner of broader dissemination of results which ultimately, may make it possible to take measures to reduce adverse conditions, thus facilitating communication. Such measures might be implemented in relation to the built environment, the design of hearing aids and public awareness.
Time To Plan
DOWNLOAD
Author : Lisa Palmqvist
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2020-04-01
Time To Plan written by Lisa Palmqvist and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-04-01 with categories.
Children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) have difficulties in executive functioning and when coping with everyday planning tasks. However, the literature cannot explain whether individuals with ID perform according to their developmental level or not. The studies in this thesis investigated if life experience could be a contributing factor to the diversity seen in the literature. Planning performance can be improved by either using external or internal support. Assistive technology for cognition (ATC) is an example of external support. This thesis investigated how the ATC is being used in an everyday planning situation which has not been investigated before. Furthermore, this thesis explored whether the internal supports of cognitive abilities and life experience correlate with planning ability in adolescents with ID, and if planning ability can be trained using a cognitive training program for everyday planning. Results showed that ATC supported cognitive functions, but that the children did not formulate the plans themselves. Furthermore, the results support the difference model of ID since planning correlated with different cognitive measures and life experience in adolescents with ID compared to children with a typical development. Adolescents with ID got better at the planning tasks in the training program, however, no transfer effects to untrained planning tasks were found. To conclude, the planning was supported by external and internal support. However, ATC needs to be designed and prescribed in a way that increases independence. Practitioners should actively support in training planning and should be cautious when introducing cognitive interventions if the transfer gap is too large. Barn och ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning (IF) har svårt med sina exekutiva funktioner och dagliga planeringsuppgifter. Litteraturen kan dock inte förklara om individer med IF presterar enligt deras utvecklingsnivå eller inte. Studierna i denna avhandling undersökte om livserfarenhet kan vara en bidragande faktor till varför denna skillnad ses i litteraturen. Planeringsförmågan kan förbättras genom att använda externt eller internt stöd. Hjälpteknik för kognition (HM-K) är ett exempel på externt stöd. Denna avhandling undersökte hur HM-K används i en vardaglig planeringssituation vilket inte har undersökts tidigare. Vidare undersökte denna avhandling om de interna stöden för kognitiva förmågor och livserfarenhet korrelerar med planeringsförmåga hos ungdomar med IF, och om planeringsförmåga kan förbättras med hjälp av ett kognitivt träningsprogram för vardagsplanering. Resultaten visade att HM-K stödde kognitiva funktioner, men att barnen inte formulerade planerna själva. Vidare stöder resultaten skillnadsmodellen för IF eftersom planering korrelerade med olika kognitiva mått och livserfarenhet hos ungdomar med IF jämfört med barn med en typisk utveckling. Ungdomar med IF blev bättre på planeringsuppgifterna i träningsprogrammet, men inga överföringseffekter till otränade planeringsuppgifter hittades. Avslutningsvis så stöds planeringen av externa och interna stöd. HM-K måste dock utformas och förskrivas på ett sätt som ökar självständighet. Praktiker bör aktivt stödja träning av planering och bör vara försiktiga när de inför kognitiva insatser om överföringsgapet är för stort.
The Handbook Of Clinical Linguistics
DOWNLOAD
Author : Martin J. Ball
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2024-01-09
The Handbook Of Clinical Linguistics written by Martin J. Ball and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-01-09 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
The new edition of the leading reference work on Clinical Linguistics, fully updated with new research and developments in the field The Handbook of Clinical Linguistics, Second Edition provides a timely and authoritative survey of this interdisciplinary field, exploring the application of linguistic theory and method to the study of speech and language disorders. Containing 42 in-depth chapters by an international panel of established and rising scholars, this classic volume addresses a wide range of pathologies while offering valuable insights into key theory and research, multilingual and cross-linguistics factors, analysis and assessment methods, and more. Now in its second edition, The Handbook of Clinical Linguistics features nine entirely new chapters on clinical corpus linguistics, multimodal analysis, cognition and language, the linguistics of sign languages, clinical phonotactics, typical and nontypical phonological development, clinical phonology and phonological assessment, and two chapters on instrumental analysis of voice and speech production. Revised and expanded chapters incorporate new research in clinical linguistics and place greater emphasis on specific speech disorders, connections to literacy, and multilingualism. This invaluable reference works: Reflects the latest developments in new research and data, as well as changing perspectives about the priorities and future of the field Features new and revised chapters throughout, many with new authors or authorial teams Offers well-rounded coverage of the major areas of the speech sciences in the study of communication disorders Discusses how mainstream theories and descriptions of language are influenced by clinical research Building on the success of the first edition, The Handbook of Clinical Linguistics, Second Edition, is an indispensable resource for researchers and advanced students across all areas of speech-language sciences, including speech disorders, speech pathology, speech therapy, communication disorders, cognitive linguistics, and neurolinguistics.
Reasons For Language
DOWNLOAD
Author : Michaela Socher
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2020-09-01
Reasons For Language written by Michaela Socher and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-01 with categories.
The usage-based model of language acquisition assumes that language is learned by its usage. General cognitive processes, especially analogical reasoning ability, are assumed to lead to the understanding of words and grammatical structures. It has been argued that the time of language or auditory deprivation children with cochlear implants (CIs) often experience early in life, might affect both their language and their cognitive abilities. Children with CIs have disadvantages in terms of language acquisition as they start receiving language input later than peers with typical hearing (TH), and the perceptual quality of the input is reduced. However, they might have additional difficulties in language acquisition if their analogical reasoning ability is negatively influenced by the language or auditory deprivation early in life. The results found in this thesis show that the language delays often seen in children with CIs are not explained by differences in analogical reasoning ability. Results indicate that analogical reasoning ability has a limited influence on language acquisition for the tested age-group. However, language abilities affect the performance on analogical reasoning tasks which are either verbal or can be supported by verbal strategies. This needs to be taken into consideration when comparing analogical reasoning ability of children with CI sand children with TH. In addition, the results from this thesis indicate that the structure of the mental lexicon is associated with the communication skills of children with CIs. The structure of the mental lexicon is most likely influenced by the amount of language input a child receives. The main implication of the results is that emphasis should be put on reducing the duration of language deprivation and to improve the quality of the language input for children with CIs.
Prosodic And Phonological Ability In Children With Developmental Language Disorder And Children With Hearing Impairment
DOWNLOAD
Author : Simon Sundström
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2018-05-15
Prosodic And Phonological Ability In Children With Developmental Language Disorder And Children With Hearing Impairment written by Simon Sundström and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-15 with Children categories.
Many children with developmental language disorder (DLD) exhibit difficulties with phonology, i.e. the sounds of language. Children with any degree of hearing impairment (HI) are at an increased risk of problems with spoken language, including phonology. The cause of these difficulties is unknown in children with DLD, and is often assumed to result from reduced hearing acuity in children with HI. Variability in terms of language outcomes is large in both groups, and determining if a child’s language ability is within normal limits or not is problematic. A task that has proven useful in differentiating typical from atypical language development is nonword repetition, in which the child listens to a word form without meaning and repeats it back immediately. Performance in nonword repetition tasks is a potential indicator of language ability in both children with DLD and children with HI. However, it has not been established exactly what the task measures. In the present thesis, the ability to repeat prosodic and segmental features of real words and nonwords was investigated in Swedish-speaking four- to six-year-old children with DLD and HI, as well as in children with normal hearing and typical language development (TLD) (papers I, II and III). Further, relations of word and nonword repetition ability to language and hearing were explored (papers II and III), along with comparisons of phonological and grammatical production between the groups (paper IV). The findings indicated that the prosodic features stress and tonal word accent affect repetition performance in children with DLD, HI, and TLD. In general, the children with DLD and HI achieved lower results than the children with TLD on repetition of segments (consonants and vowels) and prosodic features, but tonal word accent was repeated with relatively high accuracy. Tonal word accent 1 was more accurately repeated than tonal word accent 2 by the DLD and HI children. The children with TLD repeated tonal word accent with few errors, but segments in nonwords with tonal word accent 2 were easier to repeat than segments in nonwords with tonal word accent 1. The results further revealed that the ability of children with DLD to repeat stress in real words is related to expressive grammar, but repetition of prosodic features does not reflect general language knowledge. In contrast, repetition of both segmental and prosodic nonword features may be indicative of receptive vocabulary, phonological production during naming of familiar words, and expressive grammar in children with HI. Repetition performance might be related to the degree of HI before cochlear implantation or fitting of hearing aids. Children with DLD and children with HI demonstrate similar strengths and weaknesses in phonological and grammatical production, despite the fact that they develop language under different conditions—with and without normal hearing. Tonal word accent use and syntax are relatively unimpaired in DLD and HI children. This thesis highlights prosodic and phonological strengths and weaknesses in children who have, or are at risk of, deficits in language and communication abilities. It also supports word and nonword repetition as potential predictors of some aspects of language ability in children with DLD and HI. Further, it emphasizes the importance of taking prosody into account when constructing, or interpreting results from, repetition tasks. Future research aiming to investigate the relationship between prosody in repetition and language, cognition and hearing, should use longitudinal study designs, and include younger children. Studies comparing prosodic and phonological ability in children with DLD and children with HI should employ both quantitative and qualitative analyses.
The Ecph Encyclopedia Of Psychology
DOWNLOAD
Author :
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2025-01-11
The Ecph Encyclopedia Of Psychology written by and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-01-11 with Psychology categories.
This encyclopedia volume comprehensively reflects the basic knowledge and the latest research results in the field of psychology. In this reference book, the knowledge system, basic concepts, basic theories, as well as important figures, representative works and institutions of psychology are well organized in encyclopedic entries. The whole work includes more than 1,300 entries and about 570 figures, making it a full and detailed introduction to the origin and development of psychology.
Effects Of Anthropogenic Noise On Animals
DOWNLOAD
Author : Hans Slabbekoorn
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-08-20
Effects Of Anthropogenic Noise On Animals written by Hans Slabbekoorn and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-20 with Medical categories.
Over the past several years, many investigators interested in the effects of man-made sounds on animals have come to realize that there is much to gain from studying the broader literature on hearing sound and the effects of sound as well as data from the effects on humans. It has also become clear that knowledge of the effects of sound on one group of animals (e.g., birds or frogs) can guide studies on other groups (e.g., marine mammals or fishes) and that a review of all such studies together would be very useful to get a better understanding of the general principles and underlying cochlear and cognitive mechanisms that explain damage, disturbance, and deterrence across taxa. The purpose of this volume, then, is to provide a comprehensive review of the effects of man-made sounds on animals, with the goal of fulfilling two major needs. First, it was thought to be important to bring together data on sound and bioacoustics that have implications across all taxa (including humans) so that such information is generally available to the community of scholars interested in the effects of sound. This is done in Chaps. 2-5. Second, in Chaps. 6-10, the volume brings together what is known about the effects of sound on diverse vertebrate taxa so that investigators with interests in specific groups can learn from the data and experimental approaches from other species. Put another way, having an overview of the similarities and discrepancies among various animal groups and insight into the “how and why” will benefit the overall conceptual understanding, applications in society, and all future research.