Spousal Employment And Intra Household Bargaining Power
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Spousal Employment And Intra Household Bargaining Power
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Author : Francisca Antman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Spousal Employment And Intra Household Bargaining Power written by Francisca Antman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This paper considers the relationship between work status and decision-making power of the head of household and his spouse. I use household fixed effects models to address the possibility that spousal work status may be correlated with unobserved factors that also affect bargaining power within the home. Consistent with the hypothesis that greater economic resources yield greater bargaining power, I find that the spouse of the head of household is more likely to be involved in decisions when she has been employed. Similarly, the head of household is less likely to be the sole decision-maker when his spouse works.
Culture And Household Decision Making
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Author : Sonia Oreffice
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Culture And Household Decision Making written by Sonia Oreffice and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This study investigates how spouses' cultural backgrounds mediate the role of intra-household bargaining in the labor supply decisions of foreign-born and US-born couples, in a collective-household framework. Using data from the 2000 US Census, I show that the hours worked by US-born couples, and by those foreign-born coming from countries with gender roles similar to the US, are significantly related to common bargaining power forces such as differences between spouses in age and non-labor income, controlling for both spouses' demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Households whose culture of origin supports strict and unequal gender roles do not exhibit any association of these power factors with their labor supply decisions. This cultural asymmetry suggests that spousal attributes are assessed differently across couples within the US, and that how spouses make use of their outside opportunities and economic and institutional environment may depend on their ethnicities.
He Says She Says Exploring Patterns Of Spousal Agreement In Bangladesh
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Author : Ambler, Kate
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2017-03-09
He Says She Says Exploring Patterns Of Spousal Agreement In Bangladesh written by Ambler, Kate and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-09 with Political Science categories.
Participation in household decisions and control over assets are often used as indicators of bargaining power. Yet spouses do not necessarily provide the same answers to questions about these topics. We examine differences in spouses’ answers to questions regarding who participates in decisions about household activities, who owns assets, and who decides to purchase assets. Disagreement is substantial and systematic, with women more likely to report joint ownership or decision making and men more likely to report sole male ownership or decision making. Analysis of correlations between agreement and women’s well-being finds that agreement on joint decision making/ownership is generally positively associated with beneficial outcomes for women compared with agreement on sole male decision making/ownership. Cases of disagreement where women recognize their involvement but men do not are also positively associated with good outcomes for women, but often to a lesser extent than when men agree that women are involved.
The Intra Household Division Of Labor
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Author : Julia Bredtmann
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The Intra Household Division Of Labor written by Julia Bredtmann and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Using the German Time Use Surveys 1991/92 and 2001/02, this paper analyses the interactions between the time-use decisions of partners within one household. Thereby, an interdependent model of the partners' times allocated to paid and unpaid work that allows for simultaneity and endogeneity of the time allocation decisions of the spouses is applied. When including both weekdays and weekend days in the analysis, a complementary relationship between the partner's time allocations is found. When restricting the analysis to weekdays, however, men's time dedicated to paid and unpaid work is unaffected by their wives' time-use decisions.
Essays On The Empowerment And Employment Of Women In India
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Author : Madeline McKelway
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On The Empowerment And Employment Of Women In India written by Madeline McKelway and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
This thesis consists of three papers on the empowerment and employment of women in India. India's female labor force participation rate is among the lowest in the world. Research suggests many women in India want to work, husbands' opposition to their work is a key constraint, and husbands can be persuaded that their wives should work. But if women want to work and their husbands can be persuaded, why do women not persuade them? The first paper (chapter one) argues that doing so requires a general sense of self-confidence that is lacking amongst women in India. My experiment offered women in rural Uttar Pradesh a psychosocial intervention to raise generalized self-efficacy (GSE), or beliefs in own ability to attain desired outcomes. The intervention produced a persistent gain in GSE. I cross-randomized a short video promotion of women's employment for women's families. The promotion given alone increased short-run employment, which implies families in this setting can be persuaded. The GSE intervention on its own also raised short-run employment, and data suggest a key channel was giving women confidence to persuade their families. Shortrun employment under both interventions was no higher and may have been lower than under either alone. I find no effects on long-run employment, suggesting it is harder to persuade families that women should stay in the workplace than enter it. The second paper (chapter two), which is co-authored with Matt Lowe, outlines a model of household decision-making about women's labor supply and presents results from an experiment in India that tested it. The key feature of the model is that households choose whether to engage in costly bargaining about the labor supply decision. Moreover, information about women's employment opportunities may be asymmetric. Spouses choose whether to share information and whether to bargain based on their preferences for women's employment. This model has support in recent empirical research. Our experiment was set in rural Uttar Pradesh. We document misalignment of spousal preferences about women's work in this setting: wives are significantly more supportive of women's employment than their husbands. We experimentally varied enforcement of common knowledge and enforcement of bargaining. We randomized whether husbands or wives were given information about a women's job opportunity and an enrollment ticket. We cross-randomized whether nontargeted spouses were not informed, informed separately, or informed at the same time as their targeted spouses. In the third condition, we explicitly encouraged discussion with the view of enforcing bargaining. Surprisingly, we find that husbands did not withhold information and that discussion significantly decreased enrollment. Our results contradict the standard predictions outlined in the model. The final paper (chapter three) explores the effects of women's employment. A standard prediction of the household literature is that women's employment should increase women's intra-household bargaining power. This paper provides the first experimental tests of this prediction. The experiment was conducted in rural Uttar Pradesh, a setting where women's family members typically decide whether women work. The intervention is the promotion intervention used in the first paper, a video promoting a women's employment opportunity that was designed to address family members' key objections to women working. I informed both treatment and control family members about the opportunity but only showed the promotion to treatment family members. The promotion led to large increases in women's employment and is unlikely to have affected other family outcomes through channels aside from women's employment; I interpret effects of the promotion on these outcomes as effects of women's employment. I find employment enabled women to make more decisions independently and without their husbands' knowledge. However, it did not increase their bargaining power in joint decisions. My results are inconsistent with the standard collective model of the household and more aligned with a model in which spouses do not fully pool their incomes.
Essays In Wealth Effect Family Structure And Female Labour Supply
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Author : Yazhuo Pan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays In Wealth Effect Family Structure And Female Labour Supply written by Yazhuo Pan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
This thesis consists of three self-contained essays evaluating topics in family structure, household wealth, and married women's labour decisions using Canadian data. The twentieth century has seen significant changes in family formation and dissolution in Canada. Chapter 1, co-authored with Ana Ferrer, investigates the role of family structure (family disruption or reconstitution) on cognitive outcomes of primary school Canadian children. We focus on reading and math scores of these children and look into differential effects by gender as well as child's cultural background, which is an important dimension to consider in diverse societies. Using the rich panel data information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), collected biennially since 1994, we find substantial disadvantages in reading, but not math, scores among children in single parent families, relative to children in intact families. However, we find that single parenthood seems to affect boys more than girls in terms of their reading performance, but girls' math performance suffers more than that of boys when in step families. In addition, when looking into differential effects across cultural/religious affiliations of family structure on cognitive performance, we typically observe differential effects in math, but no reading scores. These results suggest that exploring the heterogeneity of children's performance responses to family disruption might be an important factor in assessing the benefits of programs aimed at helping children to cope with family disruptions. It is worth noting that changes in marital status of parents not only affect their children's performances but also influence their own welfare. The spouse (typically the wife), who usually has less labour market attachment compared to the other spouse (typically the husband) due to the traditional gender roles, is less likely to accumulate much assets during the marriage. Therefore, this spouse with less assets might have less intra-household bargaining power and could potentially face worse financial conditions in the event of a divorce compared to the other one. Chapter 2, co-authored with Stéphanie Lluis, studies a reform of the marital property law following the amendment of the Civil Code of Quebec to improve economic equality between spouses by imposing an equal division of the family assets when a marriage ends. This change created an unexpected shift in the bargaining power of the spouse with relatively lower investment in the family assets, usually the wife. We explore whether and if so how the changes in this redistributive divorce law impacted female spouses' labour market decisions and individuals' marital decisions. We use a difference-in-difference approach and exploit detailed information on female labour supply and marital status from the Canadian Labour Force Survey (LFS) data to analyze outcomes before and after the reforms in Quebec, relative to other provinces which did not experience marital property law changes over that time period. We find that the reform of marital property law that improve economic equality between spouses in Quebec reduced married women's hours of work and the adverse employment effect is relatively stronger for less educated women (the most disadvantaged spouse) and among couples with larger wealth as measured by the ownership of the couples' property. At the extensive margin, we find that the redistributive law change significantly decreased the labour force participation of the relatively more educated married women but increased the labour force participation of the relatively less educated women (among married women who stayed married). This differential result by education among married women suggests that the labour supply impact of the redistributive law change likely depends on the decision to stay married as marital decisions are also part of the household bargaining outcome. We investigate this question by studying the Quebec amendment impact on divorce rates and the decisions of whom to marry. We find that the redistributive law change had no impact on overall divorce but significantly increased the likelihood of divorce/separations among less educated spouses. In addition, over the sample of young individuals deciding whether or not to marry, the Civil Code amendment contributed to increasing the proportion of marriages in which the wife is more educated than the husband. The intra-household bargaining position is not the only factor that could affect female labour supply as well as people's marital decisions. The wealth of a household is also another important factor that might influence spouses' decisions in the labour and marriage markets. Chapter 3 examines the impact that changes in household wealth due to the house price variations during the 1990s and 2000s had on the labour market behaviour of Canadian married women. House prices in Canada have tripled over the past decades. This dramatic rise has essential effects on households' wealth and the wealth effects might be different on house owners versus renters (potential house buyers). I use time-series average house prices data from the Canadian Real Estate Association's Multiple Listing Service data set (CREA MLS) which covers the entire Canada, 102 real estate boards (REBs), and provides detailed geographical variations in house prices in both urban and rural areas. Then, I link these house prices to each respondent in the confidential longitudinal household files - the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). Estimating the causal effects of housing wealth changes on female labour supply is challenging. For instance, The life-cycle theory of the labour supply emphasizes that unexpected gains in wealth should decrease household labour supply. However, wealth changes due to rising house prices could be anticipated by a household. Thus, there might be no effect if the household was forward looking and incorporated these expected wealth changes into their decisions. In addition, the reverse causality between house prices and female labour supply has been highlighted in literature. Rising housing prices induce more female spouses to participate in the labour market to offset the future housing purchase costs if their families intend to enter homeownership or balance rising rental prices. Nonetheless, it is also plausible that more working women in one area, which contributes to a higher proportion of two-earner households with stronger payment capacities, may bid up the house prices there. Therefore, I apply two strategies to overcome these challenges. My first strategy is to calculate a measure of house-price shocks which is aimed at capturing unexpected variations in local house prices, rather than variations that could be anticipated by people. My second strategy is constructing comprehensive and exogenous topography instruments to address the reverse causality between the house prices and female labour supply. After capturing unexpected changes in local house prices, among house owners, I find that an increase in (positive) house-price shocks causes a reduction in the likelihood of participation of married women. At the intensive margin, I find that an increase in the house price shocks induces a decrease in annual work hours of a woman at the low percentile. Additionally, I find heterogeneous effects of house-price shocks on women's labour supply depending on their education level and residence locations. These results are consistent with the prediction of family labour supply and life-cycle models, which indicates that unexpected gains in wealth should decrease household labour supply. There is no evidence showing that house-price shocks have labour effect on renters in this study, which might suggest that they choose to delay to enter homeownership or find a cheaper residence instead of adjusting their labour supply when an appreciation of house prices occurs. The IV approach which uses the fraction of buildable land and the difference in elevation as the instruments also provides consistent results as the house-price shock approach does.
Gender And Cooperative Conflicts
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Author : Amartya Sen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Gender And Cooperative Conflicts written by Amartya Sen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Cooperation categories.
Measurement Of Intra Household Resource Control Exploring The Validity Of Experimental Measures
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Author : Ambler, Kate
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2020-12-17
Measurement Of Intra Household Resource Control Exploring The Validity Of Experimental Measures written by Ambler, Kate and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-17 with Political Science categories.
We study the validity of experimental methods designed to measure preferences for intra-household resource control among spouses in Ghana and Uganda. We implement two incentivized tasks; (1) a game that measures willingness to pay to control resources, and (2) private and joint dictator games that measure preferences for resource allocation and the extent to which those preferences are reflected in joint decisions. Behavior in the two tasks is correlated, suggesting that they describe similar underlying latent variables. In Uganda the experimental measures are robustly correlated with a range of household survey measures of resource control and women’s empowerment and suggest that simple private dictator games may be as informative as more sophisticated tasks. In Ghana, the experimental measures are not predictive of survey indicators, suggesting that context may be an important element of whether experimental measures are informative.
Economics Of The Family
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Author : Martin Browning
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2014-06-05
Economics Of The Family written by Martin Browning and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-06-05 with Business & Economics categories.
The family is a complex decision unit in which partners with potentially different objectives make consumption, work and fertility decisions. Couples marry and divorce partly based on their ability to coordinate these activities, which in turn depends on how well they are matched. This book provides a comprehensive, modern and self-contained account of the research in the growing area of family economics. The first half of the book develops several alternative models of family decision making. Particular attention is paid to the collective model and its testable implications. The second half discusses household formation and dissolution and who marries whom. Matching models with and without frictions are analyzed and the important role of within-family transfers is explained. The implications for marriage, divorce and fertility are discussed. The book is intended for graduate students in economics and for researchers in other fields interested in the economic approach to the family.
Cohort Analysis In Social Research
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Author : W.M. Mason
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Cohort Analysis In Social Research written by W.M. Mason and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Business & Economics categories.
The existence of the present volume can be traced to methodological concerns about cohort analysis, all of which were evident throughout most of the social sciences by the late 1970s. For some social scientists, they became part of a broader discussion concerning the need for new analytical techniques for research based on longitudinal data. In 1976, the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), with funds from the National Institute of Education, established a Committee on the Methodology of Longitudinal Research. (The scholars who comprised this committee are listed at the front of this volume. ) As part of the efforts of this Committee, an interdisciplinary conference on cohort analysis was held in the summer of 1979, in Snowmass, Colorado. Much of the work presented here stems from that conference, the purpose of which was to promote the development of general methodological tools for the study of social change. The conference included five major presentations by (1) William Mason and Herbert Smith, (2) Karl J6reskog and Dag S6rbom, (3) Gregory Markus, (4) John Hobcraft, Jane Menken and Samuel Preston, and (5) Stephen Fienberg and William Mason. The formal presentations were each followed by extensive discussion, which involved as participants: Paul Baltes, William Butz, Philip Converse, Otis Dudley Duncan, David Freedman, William Meredith, John Nesselroade, Daniel Price, Thomas Pullum, Peter Read, Matilda White Riley, Norman Ryder, Warren Sanderson, Warner Schaie, Burton Singer, Nancy Tuma, Harrison White, and Halliman Winsborough.