Steady State And Time Dependent Compressed Air Energy Storage Model Validated With Huntorf Operational Data And Investigation Of Hydrogen Options For A Sustainable Energy Supply
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Steady State And Time Dependent Compressed Air Energy Storage Model Validated With Huntorf Operational Data And Investigation Of Hydrogen Options For A Sustainable Energy Supply
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Author : Friederike Kaiser
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2020-12-17
Steady State And Time Dependent Compressed Air Energy Storage Model Validated With Huntorf Operational Data And Investigation Of Hydrogen Options For A Sustainable Energy Supply written by Friederike Kaiser and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-17 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Wind power and photovoltaic energy play a significant role in sustainable energy systems. However, these two renewable energy sources do not generate electrical energy on demand and are subject to natural fluctuations. Thus, the need for compensatory measures arises. Compressed air energy storage power plants (CAES) are a possible solution to providing negative and positive control energy in the electric grid. However, in contrast to other energy storage devices such as pumped hydro energy storage or batteries, the storage medium compressed air hardly contains any energy (or more precisely: enthalpy). Yet, compressed air storage allows the operation of highly efficient gas turbines, which are not only particularly fast available but also achieve better efficiency than combined cycle power plants used today, as illustrated by the example of the modern gas and steam power plant Irsching with ηtc = 60%from 2011 compared to the 20 years older McIntosh CAES with ηtc = 82.4 %. In this thesis, the calculation methods for the thermodynamics of the CAES process are presented and validated by measured data from the operations of the CAES power plant Huntorf. Both the steady state and the dynamic (time-dependent) analyses of the process take place. The characteristic value efficiency is discussed in detail, since numerous different interpretations for CAES exist in the literature. A new calculation method for the electric energy storage efficiency is presented, and a method for the calculation of an economically equivalent electricity storage efficiency is developed. Consideration is given to the transformation of the CAES process into a hydrogen-driven and, thus, greenhouse gas-free process. Finally, a model CAES system is tested in a 100 % renewable model environment. Consequently, it can be stated that in the steady-state thermodynamic calculation in particular, the consideration of realistic isentropic efficiencies of compressors and turbines is essential to correctly estimate the characteristic values of the process. Furthermore, a steadystate view should always be accompanied by dynamic considerations, since some process characteristics are always time-dependent. The simulation shows that by mapping transient operating conditions, the overall efficiency of the system must be corrected downwards. Nevertheless, in the model environment of a 100 % renewable energy system, it has been shown that a CAES is a useful addition that can provide long-term energy storage.
Proceedings Of The International Renewable Energy Storage Conference Ires 2022
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Author : Peter Schossig
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-05-25
Proceedings Of The International Renewable Energy Storage Conference Ires 2022 written by Peter Schossig and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-25 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This is an open access book.Energy storage systems are the key to the successful energy transition to full renewable energy supply and are more relevant today than ever before. They address numerous challenges of the energy transition at once: stabilise the electricity grids, support the shutdown of power plants, make regionally generated electricity available locally and compensate for fluctuations in renewable energy generation. For more than 15 years now, EUROSOLAR has dedicated the annual International Conference on Renewable Energy Storage (IRES) to this important topic. The conference, which has been organised in partnership with Messe Düsseldorf since 2015, addressed the current state of research and the social, political and legal framework conditions of energy storage technologies from 20 to 22 September 2022, as part of its exhibitions on decarbonised industries.In up to three parallel series of lectures, experts from science, practice, politics and society focused on the current state of knowledge about energy storage.In recent years, more than 4000 visitors attended Energy Storage Europe, the predecessor of Messe Düsseldorf’s decarbXpo and IRES, each year. In plenary sessions, topic-specific lecture series and discussion rounds, around 150 lectures were presented including a large poster exhibition.We look forward to welcoming you to the 17th IRES in 2023.
Design And Optimization Of A Small Compressed Air Energy Storage System For Isolated Applications
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Author : Hanif SedighNejad
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Design And Optimization Of A Small Compressed Air Energy Storage System For Isolated Applications written by Hanif SedighNejad and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
In this study, a variety of practical and theoretical CAES systems are reviewed in order to show the current status of the available CAES systems. Then a small scale compressed air energy storage for small isolated wind based hybrid energy system is introduced and discussed. In order to develop a cost-effective renewable based hybrid energy system, this research investigates the optimization of each component of the system from the wind turbine to the load to deliver the required energy in the most efficient way. After finding the general control strategy for energy harvesting from the wind, the control strategy based on predictive initial working condition of the air vane motor is investigated through practical tests. A control path is developed using the implemented air motor steady state operation based on its manufacturer datasheet, and it is used to supply a fixed amount of power to the grid. A new criterion for evaluation of different energy storage system with identical power rating and storage capacity is proposed and examined during a case study and the performance of pumped hydro, battery and compressed air energy systems are compared based on the total shortage time and total fuel consumption of backup diesel generators. The Monte Carlo simulation was used in order to regenerate the wind speed data with 10 minute resolution to represent more accurate variable wind speed. The proposed Harvested Energy Index (HEI) showed the ability of energy storage systems with low efficiency in utilizing excess wind energy and reach their storage capacity. Based on the obtained results, a novel general control concept for such systems is proposed and its steady state simulation results are discussed.
Modeling Of Compressed Air Energy Storage For Power System Performance Studies
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Author : Ivan Calero
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Modeling Of Compressed Air Energy Storage For Power System Performance Studies written by Ivan Calero and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
In the effective integration of large renewable generation for grid scale applications, pumped-storage hydro and Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) are currently economically and technically feasible alternatives to properly manage the intrinsic intermittency of energy sources such as wind or solar, with CAES being less restrictive in terms of its location. Furthermore, the relative fast response, and the possibility of physically decoupling the charging and discharging drive trains interfacing the grid through synchronous machines make CAES a suitable asset to provide ancillary services in addition to arbitrate, such as black start, spinning reserve, frequency regulation, and/or voltage regulation. Nevertheless, although the economic value of CAES having multiple stream revenues has been studied in the context of planning and operation of power systems, the actual impact of CAES facilities on the electrical grids have not been properly addressed in the literature, in part due to the lack of suitable models. The existing CAES models proposed for power system studies fail to represent the dynamics, nonlinear relations, and physical restrictions of the main mechanical subsystems, by proposing simplifications that result in unrealistic dynamic responses and operating points when considering the entire CAES operating range, as is required in most ancillary services or during grid disturbances. Furthermore, the detail of these models and the controls used are inconsistent with the state-of-the-art modeling of other storage technologies such as batteries and flywheels. Hence, in order to bridge the gap in CAES modeling and control, this thesis propose a comprehensive physically-based dynamic mathematical model of a diabatic CAES system, considering two independent synchronous machines as interface with the grid, which allows simultaneous charging and discharging of the cavern, such as the recently inaugurated 1.75 MW CAES plant in Goderich, Ontario. Detailed and simplified models are proposed based on the configuration of the Huntorf plant, in Germany, which is one of the only two existing large CAES facilities currently operating in the world. The system modeled comprises a multi-stage compressor with intercoolers and aftercooler, driven by a synchronous motor in the charging stage, an underground cavern as storage reservoir, a multi-stage expander with a recuperator and reheater between stages, and a synchronous generator in discharging mode, such as the aforementioned small CAES Ontario plant. The proposed thermodynamic-based dynamic models of the compressors and expanders allow calculating internal system variables, such as pressures, temperatures and power, some of which are used as controllable variables. Furthermore, different approximations to model the nonlinear relations between mass flow rate, pressure ratio, and rotor speed in the CAES compressors and expanders, determined by so called "maps", are proposed based on Neural Networks and physically-based nonlinear functions; these constrain the operation of the turbomachinery, but are usually ignored in existing models. A control strategy for active and reactive power of the CAES system is also proposed. The active power controller allows primary and secondary frequency regulation provision by the turbine and compressor. Special controllers are proposed to restrict the charging and discharging power of the turbine and compressor, to avoid pressure ratios that violate the restriction imposed by the cavern pressure. A surge detection controller for the compressor, and a controller that regulates the inlet temperature at each expansion stage are also presented, and these controls are complemented by a state of charge logic controller that shuts down the compressor or turbine when the cavern is fully charged or runs out of air, respectively. A coordinated droop-based reactive power control is also proposed for the parallel operation of the two synchronous machines, which is used to provide voltage regulation assuming both machines operate synchronized with grid. Finally, the implementation of a block-diagram based CAES model for transient stability studies in the DSATool's TSAT® software is presented, based on a generic model architecture of the different CAES system's components and their interrelations. The performance of the proposed models, with different levels of detail, are examined in various electrical system studies. First, the potential of a CAES system to provide primary and secondary frequency regulation in a test power system with high penetration of wind generation is evaluated in Simulink®, where the proposed CAES models are also compared with existing models. The voltage regulation, oscillation damping capability, and frequency and transient stability impact of CAES are also studied in a modified WSCC 9-bus test system using TSAT®. It is demonstrated that CAES is more effective than equivalent gas turbines to regulate frequency and voltage and damp low frequency oscillations, with the simultaneous charging and discharging operation significantly reducing the frequency deviation of the system in the case of large power variations in a wind farm. Furthermore, the effects on the overall frequency regulation performance of incorporating detailed models for some of the CAES components, such as expansion air valve, compressor and turbine maps and associated controls is also assessed, demonstrating how modeling these sub systems restricts the CAES response, especially in charging mode. Finally, the effect of the stage of charge control on the frequency stability of the system for different cavern sizes is investigated, concluding that if the power rating of the CAES system is large enough, small cavern sizes may not allow proper provision of frequency regulation.
Extensible Modeling Of Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
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Author : Siddharth Atul Kakodkar
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Extensible Modeling Of Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems written by Siddharth Atul Kakodkar and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Compressed air categories.
There is a growing number of renewable energy sources that can supply power to the electrical grid. These renewable sources of energy are intermittent in nature and therefore the transition from using fossil fuels to green renewables requires the use of energy storage technologies to maintain and regulate a reliable supply of electricity. Energy storage technologies play a key role in allowing energy providers to provide a steady supply of electricity by balancing the fluctuations caused by sources of renewable energy. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a promising utility scale energy storage technology that is suitable for long-duration energy storage and can be used to integrate renewable energy (such as Wind energy) to the electrical grid. CAES technologies can be broadly classified into 3 types: Diabatic-CAES (D-CAES), Adiabatic-CAES (A-CAES) and Isothermal-CAES (I-CAES). The author first performs a review on the different types of energy storage available today and a literature review on of CAES system level models, Turbomachinery models, and cavern models. After the gaps in literature are identified, the author then develops a flexible and extensible model of an A-CAES system, which can be used a CAES plant designer to obtain a first order thermodynamic evaluation of a particular plant configuration. The developed model is scalable, modular and can be connected to a control strategy. The model is able to capture time dependent losses and part load behavior of turbomachinery. The modeling methodology is focused around keeping the model extensible, i.e. components and their fidelity can be easily altered for the model's future growth. The components modeled are the compressor, the turbine, the induction motor, the generator, and a thermal energy storage device to the make the CAES plant adiabatic. The model is created using the Matlab/Simulinkʼ software, which is commonly used tool for modeling. The A-CAES plant model was simulated for 23.3 hours comprising of 12.47 hours of charging using a mass flow rate of 107.5 kg/s, 8 hours of storage and 2.83 hours of discharge using a mass flow rate of 400 kg/s. The maximum and minimum cavern pressures were 72 bar and 42 bar respectively. The obtained round trip efficiency is 76.24%. Additionally, the turbine start-up time was found to be 760 seconds. The compressor train average efficiency was calculated as 70%, the expansion train average efficiency was calculated as 81% and the TES efficiency was calculated as 91%. The models simulated the behavior of an A-CAES plant accurately with the compressor and turbine showing a close resemblance to their performance maps. The results indicate that Adiabatic-CAES is a promising and emerging technology. However, further research and development is required beyond this thesis; specifically, in the area of thermal energy storage and management. Finally, the author makes recommendations on how to further improve upon the achieved objectives in this work.
Compressed Air Energy Storage
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Author : David S-K. Ting
language : en
Publisher: IET
Release Date : 2021-10-29
Compressed Air Energy Storage written by David S-K. Ting and has been published by IET this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-29 with Technology & Engineering categories.
A systematic overview of the state of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology, covering the key components and principal types of systems in the order of technical maturity: diabatic, adiabatic, and isothermal. Existing major systems and prototypes and economics are also addressed.
Compressed Air Energy Storage Caes Ram
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Author : Harry W. Brown
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Compressed Air Energy Storage Caes Ram written by Harry W. Brown and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Compressed air categories.
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology represents an economically attractive and technically proven approach to obtaining overall cost-effectiveness in power generation. A key to realizing the load-leveling benefits offered by CAES is the achievement of good reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) performance by the system and its components. With this in mind, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) sponsored the development of RAM models of the three generic types of CAES units: salt caverns, rock caverns, and aquifers. The objectives in developing these models were to evaluate the expected RAM performance of design alternatives, to investigate trade-offs among design parameters affecting RAM, and to develop an analysis tool for use by utilities interested in building CAES plants. This paper presents the generic models developed by ARINC Research Corporation, together with some initial evaluation results.
Application Of Phase Change Material To Improve Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage System
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Author : Erwan Adi Saputro
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Application Of Phase Change Material To Improve Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage System written by Erwan Adi Saputro and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Compressed air categories.
The use of renewable energy, such as wind and solar, has significantly increased in the last decade. However, these renewable technologies have the limitations of being intermittent; thus,storing energy in the form of compressed air is a promising option. In compressed air energy storage (CAES), the electrical energy from the power network is transformed into a high pressure energy through a compressor. When the demand for electricity is high, the stored high pressure air is used to drive a turbine to generate electricity. The advantages of CAES include high energy density and quality, but the efficiency is relatively low (about 50%) since a significant amount of the compression energy is lost as heat. Additionally, in the expansion process, this technology would require a non-renewable source of energy for heating the air to prevent frosting. To overcome this drawback, an adiabatic CAES (ACAES) system has been proposed by applying methods of storing the generated heat during compression. The generated heat during compression is stored in the specific thermal storage system and is utilised to heat up the air during the expansion process. This method eliminates or limits the use of extra energy to heat the expanded air, usually needed in CAES system, which enhances the efficiency of the system by up to 70%. However, there are still challenges related to the selection of the thermal energy storage (TES) system needed in this application.The thermal storage material should have large storage capacity and should be able to store/release the heat rapidly during compression and expansion. For that reason, this thesis aims to develop a new method for the ACAES system using microcapsule of phase change material (PCM) for thermal storage. The use of PCM is selected since it has high latent heat of melting and hence is able to store a large amount of heat within a narrow change of temperature.The microcapsules are not only needed to contain the PCM but also to provide the large surface Philoarea needed for the heat to be stored in or released from it at a very high rate. In addition, a specific goal of this research is to develop a model for a small ACAES, which requires solving energy equations in both air and container wall and validate the model experimentally. A small CAES system has been designed for experimental purposes to validate the conceptual model. During the compression stage, the compressed air is stored into a 2L cylinder at 200 bar, while during the expansion stage, the compressed air is released to the environment. The results show that at the beginning of compression the air temperature rises from approximately 17°C to over 60°C, while it drops to -20°C during expansion. The previous model is further improved to account for the presence of PCM microcapsules and then validated experimentally. In the presence of PCM microcapsules (Micronal® DS 5038X), the air temperature rises from 24°C to around 50°C during compression, which is lower than without PCM, since PCM absorbs some of the heat and stores it in the form of latent heat. While in expansion, the minimum temperature drops to only -2 °C compared to -20°C when operated without PCM, which indicates that PCM has efficiently transferred its stored heat to the air. The effect of compression on physical and thermal properties of PCM microcapsules are investigated by comparing their characteristics before and after compression and for a number of cycles. Since air compression could crack the shell of the microcapsule, a metal-coating process, well-described in the thesis, is applied to prevent cracking of the polymer shell of the microcapsules and to improve their stability. Also to have a better understanding, two different PCMs are applied in this research: Micronal® DS 5038X and Microtek 24D, together with Microtek 24D metal-coated. All PCM microcapsules used in this research are analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), before and after 20 compression-expansion cycles. The results show that Micronal® DS 5038X has a better stability than Microtek 24D since these microcapsules are lumps of very small capsules. The performance of Microtek 24D is improved when metal coating is applied to the capsule. The results disclosed in this thesis indicate that PCM microcapsules are able to successfully store the heat generated during compression and release it during expansion at a very high rate due to their large surface area. The developed model has successfully predicted both air and cylinder’s wall temperature during compression and expansion processes.
Energy Storage Analysis
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Energy Storage Analysis written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
This analysis conveys results of benchmarking of energy storage technologies using hydrogen relative to lithium ion batteries. The analysis framework allows a high level, simple and transparent impact assessment of technology targets and provide screening for technology applicability. Focus of the analysis is long duration energy storage at utility scale.
Modelling Axial Turbomachinery For Compressed Air Energy Storage
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Author : Jorge Gonzalez-Gonzalez
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Modelling Axial Turbomachinery For Compressed Air Energy Storage written by Jorge Gonzalez-Gonzalez and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Compressed air categories.
Climate change and negative environmental effects from a human's life style have ignited the search for grid-scale electricity production from renewable energy sources. Significant advances with respect to renewable energy conversion into electricity has been achieved in recent years. However, their integration with the electrical grid is still an unsolved problem because the natural intermittency associated with them. Grid-scale energy storage can be the solution to the intermittency problem; of all the types or storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES) is one of the most promising potential solutions to effectively integrate renewable energies to the grid. CAES consists in compressing air during times when the electricity production is larger than the demand. This compressed air is stored in a huge reservoir; it is then used during peak demand times to run gas turbines which are connected to power generators. Literature about steady state CAES is widely available; topics such as system efficiency, fuel free CAES, and reservoir sizing being arguably the most commonly published. However, there are very few works about dynamic state of a CAES system; and there are next to no publications regarding the transient modelling of the turbomachinery for CAES. This thesis develops two independent dynamic models of axial turbomachines for CAES systems; one for a compressor and one for a turbine. These models should be able to represent the behavior of the machines, as well as easily connect with the rest of the components of the system. For these reasons, the models are developed in the SIMULINKʼ environment, which is a tool commonly used for electrical modelling. The models use the time domain, and are based on compressor and turbine performance maps, which make them representative, and let them require a short simulation time. The objective of the simulations is to see how the models behave with regards to power inefficiency, part-load operation; and the effects on the complete operation caused by the system inertias. The models can replicate the operation of any axial turbomachine provided the respective map, and can be also used with centrifugal compressors. Upon running the simulations, a round trip efficiency of 55% was obtained. Furthermore, it takes 296 seconds to increase the pressure of a cavern of 3000 m3 from 422.18 Kpa to 747.4 Kpa. The simulated turbine of 167 MW and design speed of 17000 rpm, with a nominal mass flow rate of 400 kg/s, will take 778 seconds to reach its nominal speed.