Symmetry And Selectivity
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Symmetry And Selectivity
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Author : Paul B. Stephan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Symmetry And Selectivity written by Paul B. Stephan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
This article has a simple hypothesis: Selectivity in international law increases as international relations become more symmetrical. Conversely, international law becomes more universal as asymmetry grows. This relation holds true during the modern period. Its existence in turn supports the theoretical claim that the content of international law reflects the rational interests of those actors that make it. Consider first international relations. A simple narrative, seriously incomplete but good enough for present purposes, would go something like this: From the end of World War II to the collapse of the Soviet empire a bipolar superpower competition dominated international relations. There followed a period of U.S. hegemony, but more recently significant Chinese, European, Indian and Russian challenges to the United States have complicated that structure. The details do not matter, neither the dates, nor the extent of U.S. hegemony when it existed, nor the number of the new great powers, nor the precise relative influence of each. What matters is that the basic structure of international relations underwent a transformation in the latter part of the twentieth century and now appears to have changed again. Next consider competing trends in international law, that toward universality and that toward selectivity. Universal international law applies equally to all states. Selective international law means that states vary in what rights and obligations they recognize as well as how to allow them to be enforced. In the extreme case of selectivity the content of international law and its enforcement depends entirely on the identity of the state in question. If the recognition of international law reflects the rational interests of states, then international law should trend toward universality during times of hegemony and toward selectivity during periods of multipolar great power competition. Conversely, if international law does not conform to this pattern, then something other than the rational interest of states must explain its content. Much more is going on, of course, but this simple hypothesis suffices to ground an inquiry into the nature of international law as a creature of, and dependent on, international relations. Developments in international law since World War II are consistent with the claim that selectivity increases as international relations become less asymmetrical.
Symmetry And Selectivity In U S Defense Policy
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Author : Agatha S. Y. Wong-Fraser
language : en
Publisher: Upa
Release Date : 1980
Symmetry And Selectivity In U S Defense Policy written by Agatha S. Y. Wong-Fraser and has been published by Upa this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with United States categories.
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Duality Symmetry
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Author : Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2020-12-10
Duality Symmetry written by Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-10 with Computers categories.
Symmetry is one of the most general concepts in physics. Symmetry arguments are used to explain and predict observations at all length scales, from elementary particles to cosmology. The generality of symmetry arguments, combined with their simplicity, makes them a powerful tool for both fundamental and applied investigations. In electrodynamics, one of the symmetries is the invariance of the equations under exchange of electric and magnetic quantities. The continuous version of this symmetry is most commonly known as electromagnetic duality symmetry. This concept has been accepted for more than a century, and, throughout this time, has influenced other areas of physics, like high energy physics and gravitation. This Special Issue is devoted to electromagnetic duality symmetry and other vareities of dualities in physics. It contains four Articles, one Review and one Perspective. The context of the contributions ranges from string theory to applied nanophotonics, which, as anticipated, shows that duality symmetries in general and electromagnetic duality symmetry in particular are useful in a wide variety of physics fields, both theoretical and applied. Moreover, a number of the contributions show how the use of symmetry arguments and the quantification of symmetry breaking can successfully guide our theoretical understanding and provide us with guidelines for system design.
Tip Enhanced Near Field Optical Microscopy
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Author : Corneliu Cātālin Neacsu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Tip Enhanced Near Field Optical Microscopy written by Corneliu Cātālin Neacsu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Structure Selectivity Studies Of Zirconium Catalysts In Ethylene Alpha Olefin Copolymerization
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Author : Sarah Ellisse Reybuck
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Structure Selectivity Studies Of Zirconium Catalysts In Ethylene Alpha Olefin Copolymerization written by Sarah Ellisse Reybuck and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with categories.
Selectivity In Chemical Reactions
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Author : J.C. Whitehead
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Selectivity In Chemical Reactions written by J.C. Whitehead and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
The aim of this Workshop on "Selectivity in Chemical Reactions" was to examine the specific preferences exhibited by simple chemical reactions with regards to reagents having particular energy states, symmetries, alignment and orientation and the resulting formation of certain products with their corresponding energies, states, alignment and polarisation. Such problems come close to the ultimate goal of reaction dynamics of being able to determine experimentally and theoretically state-to-state cross sections and stereochemical effects under well defined and characterised conditions. There are many examples of highly selective and specific processes to be found in atmospheric and combustion chemistry and the production of population inversions amongst vibrational and electronic states lies at the heart of the development of chemical laser systems. Only when we can understand the fundamental processes that underlie the selectivity in the formation of products in a chemical reaction and the specific requirements of initial states of the reagents, can we expect to be able to develop the explanatory and predictive tools necessary to apply the subject to the development of new laser systems, efficient combustion schemes and specific methods of chemical synthesis, to the control of atmospheric pollution and to all problems in which it is necessary to direct the outcome of a chemical reaction in a specific way. The brief given to the Workshop was to critically review the field, to discuss the present limitations and difficulties and to identify new directions.
Theory Of Cortical Plasticity
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Author : Leon N. Cooper
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2004
Theory Of Cortical Plasticity written by Leon N. Cooper and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Science categories.
This invaluable book presents a theory of cortical plasticity and shows how this theory leads to experiments that test both its assumptions and consequences. It elucidates, in a manner that is accessible to students as well as researchers, the role which the BCM theory has played in guiding research and suggesting experiments that have led to our present understanding of the mechanisms underlying cortical plasticity. Most of the connections between theory and experiment that are discussed require complex simulations. A unique feature of the book is the accompanying software package, Plasticity. This is provided complete with source code, and enables the reader to repeat any of the simulations quoted in the book as well as to vary either parameters or assumptions. Plasticity is thus a research and an educational tool. Readers can use it to obtain hands-on knowledge of the structure of BCM and various other learning algorithms. They can check and replicate our results as well as test algorithms andrefinements of their own.
Probing Symmetry And Symmetry Breaking In Resonant Soft X Ray Fluorescence Spectra Of Molecules
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Probing Symmetry And Symmetry Breaking In Resonant Soft X Ray Fluorescence Spectra Of Molecules written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with categories.
Conventional non-resonant soft X-ray emission brings about information about electronic structure through its symmetry and polarization selectivity, the character of which is governed by simple dipole rules. For centro-symmetric molecules with the emitting atom at the inversion center these rules lead to selective emission through the required parity change. For the more common classes of molecules which have lower symmetry or for systems with degenerate core orbitals (delocalized over identical sites), it is merely the local symmetry selectivity that provides a probe of the local atomic orbital contribution to the molecular orbital. For instance, in X-ray spectra of first row species the intensities essentially map the p-density at each particular atomic site, and, in a molecular orbital picture, the contribution of the local p-type atomic orbitals in the LCAO description of the molecular orbitals. The situation is different for resonant X-ray fluorescence spectra. Here strict parity and symmetry selectivity gives rise to a strong frequency dependence for all molecules with an element of symmetry. In addition to symmetry selectivity the strong frequency dependence of resonant X-ray emission is caused by the interplay between the shape of a narrow X-ray excitation energy function and the lifetime and vibrational broadenings of the resonantly excited core states. This interplay leads to various observable effects, such as linear dispersion, resonance narrowing and emission line (Stokes) doubling. Also from the point of view of polarization selectivity, the resonantly excited X-ray spectra are much more informative than the corresponding non-resonant spectra. Examples are presented for nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide molecules.
Geometric Computing With Clifford Algebras
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Author : Gerald Sommer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Geometric Computing With Clifford Algebras written by Gerald Sommer and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Computers categories.
This monograph-like anthology introduces the concepts and framework of Clifford algebra. It provides a rich source of examples of how to work with this formalism. Clifford or geometric algebra shows strong unifying aspects and turned out in the 1960s to be a most adequate formalism for describing different geometry-related algebraic systems as specializations of one "mother algebra" in various subfields of physics and engineering. Recent work shows that Clifford algebra provides a universal and powerful algebraic framework for an elegant and coherent representation of various problems occurring in computer science, signal processing, neural computing, image processing, pattern recognition, computer vision, and robotics.
An Ordering Concept On The Basis Of Alternative Principles In Chemistry
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Author : Paul Heimbach
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
An Ordering Concept On The Basis Of Alternative Principles In Chemistry written by Paul Heimbach and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Considering aspects of symmetry rules in chemistry, one is faced with con tradictory terms as for example, "90 % concertedness" sometimes being used in literature. To accept conservation of orbital symmetry to be as controlled as inversion by alternative principles seems far more promising. The intention of this book is aimed at introducing a qualitative understanding of phase rela tions in electromagnetic interactions. Avoiding one-sided dogmatism we tried to demonstrate the importance of alternative principles as guidelines to the evolution of alternative order in chemical systems. Passing through the jungle of information it became extremly important to control again and again our insights into the ordering phenomena by experi ments under conditions as coherent as possible. We became more aware of the fact that chemistry - the science of "becoming" in complex systems - can not be understood by mechanistic details, i. e. THROUGHPUT-studies alone, because the mechanism is only true for the special system under inves tigation and does not offer a tool for the evolution of opposite order. We had to accept chemistry as a mediator between molecular physics and general epistemology. This quite unusual combination was directed by excel lent teachers and the realizations were made possible by enthusiastic, open minded coworkers (see references). The next target we will strive for on this journey will be to quantify the alternative principles, that means obtaining the order parameters of H. Haken (e. g. in asymmetric synthesis).