The Assessment Of Empathy In Four Five And Six Year Old Children
DOWNLOAD
Download The Assessment Of Empathy In Four Five And Six Year Old Children PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get The Assessment Of Empathy In Four Five And Six Year Old Children book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
The Assessment Of Empathy In Four Five And Six Year Old Children
DOWNLOAD
Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2000
The Assessment Of Empathy In Four Five And Six Year Old Children written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with categories.
Empathy is recognized as a primary process that underlies most human interaction. It appears to be a fundamental building block for positive growth and development. Both research and cumulative wisdom indicate that individuals, at a very early age, have the capacity for empathy but vary markedly in their capacities to establish empathic ties. It appears that empathy evolves through a maturation process, but the critical ages of this process are unclear. Results in gender studies have been inconsistent and little research has been conducted concerning situational effects. The current study measures the differences in cognitive and affective empathy and prosocial behavior among four, five, and six-year-old girls and boys upon witnessing the distress of a peer as the result of peer-only, adult-only, and peer and adult disapproval. Two hundred forty-six four, five, and six-year-old children (165 females, 81 males) participated in the study. All of the children viewed five 1-3 minute excerpts taken from three popular children's videos. Two of the videos depicted joy in a peer, while three depicted distress in a peer. The distress resulted from three different sources of disapproval. After each excerpt, three questions were answered, each assessing a different component of empathy: cognitive, affective, and prosocial. Each child completed all of the questions and then filled out simple demographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed on the responses to the three videos depicting distress using a MANOVA to compare mean differences on each of the three independent variables. A chi square statistic was used to compare differences in numbers of children who correctly (empathically) responded to each question regarding the three videos. Cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and prosocial behavior were analyzed separately between and within age groups. Analysis revealed statistically significant differences among four, five, and six-year-olds in scores of cognitive, affective, and prosocial empathy but no significant differences between girls and boys. Significant differences were found within ages on the number of correct responses to cognitive, affective, and prosocial behavior. Also, significant differences were found within and between age groups across video content, but again, not between girls and boys. Overall, the current data suggest that empathy, in general, is present as early as four years of age. In fact, the cognitive and prosocial components of empathy seem to be well established in the character of most children by this time. The affective component of empathy, on the other hand, is not as evident even by age six, though precursors appear to be evolving. During ages four, five, and six, it appears that not only empathy is evolving, but an understanding of the situations that evoke empathic responding. Present findings suggest that age and situation are more important than gender in the development of empathy at this stage.
Affective Empathy In Children
DOWNLOAD
Author : Kirsten R. Hunter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Affective Empathy In Children written by Kirsten R. Hunter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Behavior disorders in children categories.
Abstract: Empathy is a construct that plays a pivotal role in the development of interpersonal relationships, and thus ones ability to function socially and often professionally. The development of empathy in children is therefore of particular interest to allow for further understanding of normative and atypical developmental trajectories. This thesis investigated the assessment of affective empathy in children aged 5-12, through the development and comparison of a multimethod assessment approach. Furthermore this thesis evaluated the differential relationships between affective empathy and global behavioural problems in children versus the presence of early psychopathic traits, such as callous-unemotional traits. The first component of this study incorporated; a measure of facial expression of affective empathy, and self-reported experience of affective empathy, as measured by the newly designed Griffith Empathy Measure - Video Observation (GEM-VO) and the Griffith Empathy Measure - Self Report (GEM-SR); the Bryant's Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (1982) which is a traditional child self-report measure; and a newly designed parent-report of child affective empathy (Griffith Empathy Measure - Parent Report; GEM-PR). -- Using a normative community sample of 211 children from grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 (aged 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, & 11-12, respectively), the GEM-PR and the Bryant were found to have moderate to strong internal consistency. As a measure of concurrent validity, strong positive correlations were found between the mother and father reports (GEM-PR) of their child's affective empathy, for grades 5 and 7, and for girls of all age groups. Using a convenience sample of 31 parents and children aged 5 to 12, the GEM-PR and the Bryant demonstrated strong test-retest reliability. The reliability of the GEM-VO and the GEM-SR were assessed using a convenience sample of 20 children aged 5 to 12. These measures involve the assessment of children's facial and verbal responses to emotionally evocative videotape vignettes. Children were unobtrusively videotaped while they watched the vignettes and their facial expressions were coded. Children were then interviewed to determine the emotions they attributed to stimulus persons and to themselves whilst viewing the material. Adequate to strong test-retest reliability was found for both measures. Using 30% from the larger sample of 211 participants (N=60), the GEM-VO also demonstrated robust inter-rater reliability. -- This multimethod approach to assessing child affective empathy produced differing age and gender trends. Facial affect as reported by the GEM-VO decreased with age. Similarly, the matching of child facial emotion to the vignette protagonist's facial emotion was higher in the younger grades. These findings suggest that measures that assess the matching of facial affect (i.e., GEM-VO) may be more appropriate for younger age groups who have not yet learnt to conceal their facial expression of emotion. Data from the GEM-SR suggests that older children are more verbally expressive of negative emotions then younger children, with older girls found to be the most verbally expressive of feeling the same emotion as the vignette character; a role more complimentary of the female gender socialization pressures. These findings are also indicative of the increase in emotional vocabulary and self-awareness in older children, supporting the validity of child self-report measures (based on observational stimuli) with older children. -- In comparing data from the GEM-VO and GEM-SR, this study found that for negative emotions the consistency between facial emotions coded and emotions verbally reported increased with age. This consistency across gender and amongst the older age groups provides encouraging concurrent validity, suggesting the results of one measure could be inferred through the exclusive use of the alternate measurement approach. In contrast, affective empathy as measured by the two measures; the accurate matching of the participant and vignette character's facial expression (GEM-VO), and the accurate matching of the self reported and vignette character's emotion (GEM-SR); were not found to converge. This finding is consistent with prior research and questions the assumption that facially expressed and self-appraised indexes of affective empathy are different aspects of a complex unified process. -- When evaluating the convergence of all four measures of affective empathy, negative correlations were found between the Bryant and the GEM-PR, these two measures were also found to not converge with the GEM-VO and GEM-SR in a consistent and predictable way. These findings pose the question of whether different aspects of the complex phenomena of affective empathy are being assessed. Furthermore, the validity of the exclusive use of a child self report measure such as the Bryant, which is the standard assessment in the literature, is questioned. -- The possibility that callous-unemotional traits (CU; a unique subgroup identified in the child psychopathy literature) may account for the mixed findings throughout research regarding the assumption that deficiencies in empathy underlie conduct problems in children, was examined using regression analysis. Using the previous sample of 211 children aged 5-12, conduct problems (CP) were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1999), and the CU subscale was used from the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD; Caputo, Frick, & Brodsky, 1999). Affective empathy when measured by the GEM-PR and the Bryant showed differing patterns in the relationship between affective empathy, CU traits and CP. While the GEM-Father reported that neither age, CU traits nor CP accounted for affective empathy variance, the GEM-Mother report supported that affective empathy was no longer associated with CP once CU traits had been partialled out. In contrast, the Bryant reported for girls, that CU traits were not found to have an underlying correlational relationship. It can be argued from the GEM-Mother data only that it was the unmeasured variance of CU traits that was accounting for the relationship between CP and affective empathy found in the literature. Furthermore, the comparison of an altered CU subscale with all possible empathy items removed, suggests that the constructs of CU traits and affective empathy are not synonymous or overlapping in nature, but rather are two independent constructs. -- This multimethod approach highlights the complexity of this research area, exemplifying the significant influence of the source of the reports, and suggesting that affective empathy consists of multiple components that are assessed to differing degrees by the different measurement approaches.
The Psychology Of Sex Differences
DOWNLOAD
Author : Eleanor E. Maccoby
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Release Date : 1978
The Psychology Of Sex Differences written by Eleanor E. Maccoby and has been published by Stanford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Psychology categories.
A Stanford University Press classic.
Why Is My Child In Charge
DOWNLOAD
Author : Claire Lerner
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2021-09-02
Why Is My Child In Charge written by Claire Lerner and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-02 with Family & Relationships categories.
Solve toddler challenges with eight key mindshifts that will help you parent with clarity, calmness, and self-control. In Why is My Child in Charge?, Claire Lerner shows how making critical mindshifts—seeing children’s behaviors through a new lens —empowers parents to solve their most vexing childrearing challenges. Using real life stories, Lerner unpacks the individualized process she guides parents through to settle common challenges, such as throwing tantrums in public, delaying bedtime for hours, refusing to participate in family mealtimes, and resisting potty training. Lerner then provides readers with a roadmap for how to recognize the root cause of their child’s behavior and how to create and implement an action plan tailored to the unique needs of each child and family. Why is My Child in Charge? is like having a child development specialist in your home. It shows how parents can develop proven, practical strategies that translate into adaptable, happy kids and calm, connected, in-control parents.
Development And Maintenance Of Prosocial Behavior
DOWNLOAD
Author : Ervin Staub
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-09
Development And Maintenance Of Prosocial Behavior written by Ervin Staub and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-09 with Psychology categories.
This book was inspired by an intimate, stimulating, intellectually enrich ing conference that took place in Poland. However, the book is not a conference report. Rather, at the time of the conference, participants agreed that it would be worthwhile to create a volume representing the international state of knowledge in pro social behavior, and many of them agreed to write chapters. This volume is the outcome. The book contains chapters by outstanding researchers and scholars who have made substantial contributions to some aspect of scholarship about pro social behavior-helpfulness, generosity, kindness, coopera tion, or other behavior that benefits people. The book concerns itself with how prosocial behavior comes about and what influences contrib ute to or inhibit it; how prosocial behavior, or values and other personal characteristics that promote prosocial behavior, develop; how socializa tion, peer interaction, and other experiences contribute to development; and with the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral consequences of re ceiving help. Some chapters directly, and a number of them implicitly, concern themselves with applications of knowledge about prosocial be havior, particularly with the question of how cooperation and behavior that benefits other people can be promoted. The purpose of the book is. in part to show where the field stands and what knowledge we have accumulated, and in part to suggest fu ture directions and advance the field. It is a truly international book, with contributors from most countries where research on pro social be havior is being conducted.
Religious Education In The Early Years
DOWNLOAD
Author : Dr Elizabeth Ashton
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2002-09-11
Religious Education In The Early Years written by Dr Elizabeth Ashton and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-09-11 with Education categories.
This volume looks at the role of Religious Education in the curriculum for the Early Years child. This book attempts to: *Discuss how to incorporate a wide range of religions in the classroom; *Consider how these can be explored in exciting and imaginative ways; *Help readers clarify their thinking on the subject; *Looks at the development of new approaches to the teaching of RE. Through studying practical examples and discussing what should be aimed at when considering good practice in the classroom, she provides a text that manages to be both inspirational and useful. This is a great addition to the RoutledgeFalmer series of books on Teaching and Learning in the First Three Years of School.
Contemporary Perspectives And Research On Early Childhood Education
DOWNLOAD
Author : Jeanne Galbraith
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2014-04-23
Contemporary Perspectives And Research On Early Childhood Education written by Jeanne Galbraith and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-04-23 with Education categories.
Contemporary Perspectives and Research on Early Childhood Education is a welcome addition to the field of early childhood education. This book enhances the understanding of different approaches to curriculum and instruction; appropriate assessment strategies; the role of math and science in children’s development; the importance of seeing the whole child and ensuring children develop holistically through play and arts; training effective teachers; and the importance of helping parents to be better supporters of their children. Along with this comprehensive content, the book also contains diverse methodologies including qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method approaches, which will further enrich the reader’s perspective and understanding of a wide range of topics in the field. Thus, this book creates a platform for researchers and practitioners to share and discuss research findings, expertise, and experiences about early childhood education.
Therapeutic Assessment With Children
DOWNLOAD
Author : Deborah J. Tharinger
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2022-03-17
Therapeutic Assessment With Children written by Deborah J. Tharinger and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-03-17 with Psychology categories.
Therapeutic Assessment with Children presents a ground-breaking paradigm of psychological assessment in which children and families collaborate with the psychologist assessor to understand persistent problems and find new ways of repairing their relationships and moving forward with their lives. This paradigm is systemic, client-centered, and culturally sensitive and is applicable to families from many different backgrounds who often feel misunderstood and disempowered by traditional assessment methods. In this book, the reader will find a step-by-step description of Therapeutic Assessment with Children (TA-C), with ample teaching examples to make each step come alive. Each chapter includes detailed transcripts of assessment sessions with Henry, a ten-year-old boy, and his parents as they progress through a Therapeutic Assessment and find new ways of appreciating each other and being together. The combination of didactic and clinical material will give even new clinicians a groundwork from which to begin to practice TA-C. The volume demonstrates how the core values of TA-C—collaboration, respect, humility, compassion, openness, and curiosity—can be embedded in psychological assessment with children and families. Therapeutic Assessment with Children will be invaluable for graduate assessment courses in clinical, counseling, and school psychology and for seasoned professionals wanting to learn the TA-C model.
Creating Categories For The Narrative Analysis Of The Empathetic Responses Of 4 And 5 Year Old Children In Structured Dramatic Play In England
DOWNLOAD
Author : Eleni Kanira
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Creating Categories For The Narrative Analysis Of The Empathetic Responses Of 4 And 5 Year Old Children In Structured Dramatic Play In England written by Eleni Kanira and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Empathy categories.
This dataset is designed for creating categories for narrative analysis of 4- and 5-year-old children's responses to a series of dramatic stimuli. The data are provided by Dr. Eleni Kanira and Dr. Tricia Le Gallais from Birmingham City University's Faculty of Health, Education & Life Sciences and are drawn from transcripts of five video-recorded sessions, each lasting for 70 minutes and undertaken in early years' settings in 2013. The exemplar focuses on identification and categorisation of different levels of empathetic responses. The dataset is drawn from drama encounters in early childhood education centres in West and North England. The dataset files are accompanied by a Teaching Guide and a Student Guide.
Resources In Education
DOWNLOAD
Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Resources In Education written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Education categories.