The Economic Costs Of Covid 19 In Sub Saharan Africa Insights From A Simulation Exercise For Ghana
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The Economic Costs Of Covid 19 In Sub Saharan Africa Insights From A Simulation Exercise For Ghana
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Author : Amewu, Sena
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2020-06-12
The Economic Costs Of Covid 19 In Sub Saharan Africa Insights From A Simulation Exercise For Ghana written by Amewu, Sena and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-12 with Political Science categories.
The objective in this paper is to estimate the economic costs of COVID-19 policies and external shocks in a developing country context, with a focus on agri-food system impacts. Ghana is selected as a case study. Ghana recorded its first two cases of COVID-19 infection on 12 March 2020. The government responded by gradually introducing social distancing measures, travel restrictions, border closures, and eventually a partial, two-week “partial” lockdown in the country’s largest metropolitan areas of Accra and Kumasi. Social distancing measures have been enforced nationwide and include bans on conferences, workshops, and sporting and religious events, as well as the closure of bars and nightclubs. All educational institutions are also closed. The partial lockdown measures in urban areas directed all residents to remain home except for essential business, prohibited non-essential inter-city travel and transport, and only essential manufacturing and services operations were permitted to continue (The Presidency 2020). At the time the lockdown was announced, Ghana’s Ministry of Finance revised its GDP growth estimate for 2020 downwards from 6.8 to 1.5 percent (MoF 2020), although the Minister warned that growth could fall further if lockdown measures were extended. The lockdown was initially extended for a third week but was officially lifted on 20 April. Social distancing measures remain in place nationwide, although a gradual easing of restrictions commenced in June. Ghana’s borders remain closed at the time of writing.
The Short Run Economic Costs Of Covid 19 In Developing Countries In 2020 A Synthesis Of Results From A Multi Country Modeling Exercise
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Author : Pauw, Karl
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2021-06-04
The Short Run Economic Costs Of Covid 19 In Developing Countries In 2020 A Synthesis Of Results From A Multi Country Modeling Exercise written by Pauw, Karl and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-04 with Political Science categories.
As COVID-19 spread across the globe in early 2020, governments had to make difficult policy choices to balance the socioeconomic costs of social distancing and lockdown measures, on the one hand, and the human costs of increased morbidity and mortality of an unchecked pandemic, on the other. The challenge was particularly daunting for developing countries with their often illequipped and underfunded health systems coupled with general skepticism about the effectiveness of economic restrictions to curb viral spread, especially in densely populated informal urban communities (The Economist 2020). Poorer developing country populations also tend to be less resilient to income shocks, while the social protection measures needed to mitigate against income losses are costly. With developing country governments already heavily indebted before the pandemic (Onyekwena and Ekeruche 2019), and with further anticipated losses in tax revenues due to COVID-related economic restrictions, their ability to finance palliative measures without sacrificing much-needed, longer-term public investments has remained a major concern.
Assessing The Short Term Impacts Of Covid 19 On Ethiopia S Economy External And Domestic Shocks And Pace Of Recovery
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Author : Aragie, Emerta
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2020-12-09
Assessing The Short Term Impacts Of Covid 19 On Ethiopia S Economy External And Domestic Shocks And Pace Of Recovery written by Aragie, Emerta and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-09 with Political Science categories.
In this paper, we analyze the economic impacts of response measures adopted in Ethiopia to curtail the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We carry out simulations using an economywide multiplier model based on a 2017 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the country that properly depicts interactions between economic agents. The pandemic’s impact on the global economy combined with disruptions it causes in Ethiopia represents a large, unprecedented shock to the country’s economy. In such situations, a SAM-based multiplier model provides an ideal tool for measuring the short-term direct and indirect impacts of a shock on an economic system since there is limited room for proper adjustment of economic decisions. We model the seven-week partial lockdown policy implemented in Ethiopia from mid-March to early May 2020. We also consider two possible economic recovery scenarios that may emerge as the COVID-19 control policies are relaxed during the latter part of 2020 in order to generate insights on the potential continuing impact of the virus at the end of 2020. Although the country took early swift measures, our assessment of the partial lockdown measures suggests that they were not as strict as those observed in other Africa countries. Accordingly, our estimates of the economic costs of COVID-19 on Ethiopia are significantly lower than those reported for other countries on the continent. We estimate that during the lockdown period Ethiopia’s GDP suffered a 14 percent loss (43.5 billion Birr or 1.9 billion USD) compared to a no-COVID case over the same period. Nearly two-thirds of the losses were in the services sector. Although no direct restrictions were imposed on the agriculture sector, which serves as the primary means of livelihood for most Ethiopians, the sector faced a 4.7 percent loss in output due to its linkages with the rest of the economy. Poor export performance due to a slowdown in global trade and restrictions on the transport sector also partly explain the decline in agricultural output. The broader agri-food system also was affected considerably because of its linkages with the rest of the economy. In terms of the welfare of Ethiopians, we estimate that the economic impacts during the lockdown caused 10.1 million additional people to fall below the poverty line. These findings have implications for better understanding the direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19 and for policy design during the recovery period to return Ethiopia’s economy to a normal growth trajectory and to protect the livelihoods of the most vulnerable in the process.
The Short Term Impact Of Covid 19 On Ethiopia S Economy Through External Sector Channels An Economywide Multiplier Model Analysis
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Author : Aragie, Emerta
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2020-12-09
The Short Term Impact Of Covid 19 On Ethiopia S Economy Through External Sector Channels An Economywide Multiplier Model Analysis written by Aragie, Emerta and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-09 with Political Science categories.
The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to considerably affect the Ethiopian economy directly and indirectly due to global shocks and to the different restrictive preventative measures the country is taking. We analyze these economic effects using multisector economywide income multiplier models built on the two latest Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) developed for Ethiopia. Three external sector channels are the focus of the analysis: commodity exports, strategic imports, and remittances. Results indicate that in the absence of any policy responses, the Ethiopian economy is expected to experience a loss of approximately 4.3 to 5.5 percent of its annual GDP due to exports, strategic imports, and remittances that are one-third lower relative to the no-COVID situation over a period of six-months. This translates into estimated reductions in labor income of between 4.2 and 5.2 percent. The SAM multiplier model estimates also imply that these negative shocks lead to household income losses that amount to between 3.9 and 6.4 percent. In particular, the urban poor will be the most affected as they lose real incomes in the range of 6.6 to 8.5 percent. These income losses are estimated to result in a 3.5 percentage point rise in the national poverty headcount.
Changes In Household Income Food Consumption And Diet Quality In Urban And Rural Areas Of Ghana During The Covid 19 Crisis Results Of 2020 Phone Surveys
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Author : Ragasa, Catherine
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2021-11-03
Changes In Household Income Food Consumption And Diet Quality In Urban And Rural Areas Of Ghana During The Covid 19 Crisis Results Of 2020 Phone Surveys written by Ragasa, Catherine and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-03 with Political Science categories.
This study provides an assessment of changes in household income, livelihood sources, food consumption, and diet quality during the first months of the COVID-19 crisis in a sample of households drawn from both urban and rural areas in Ghana. Phone surveys were conducted in June 2020 with 423 urban consumers in Accra and with 369 small-scale crop and fish farmers in rural areas in six regions in middle and southern Ghana. Data was disaggregated by asset quintiles for both the urban and the rural samples. Reduction in incomes were reported by 83 percent of urban households in Accra, mainly due to business closures and lower sales from their trading enterprises. Most households, however, are showing resilience in terms of food consumption, with a majority of urban consumers surveyed maintaining their pre-COVID-19 level of food consumption; only 9 percent of urban consumers reported reductions in food consumption to cope with income loss due to COVID-19. For the respondents in the rural areas in middle and southern Ghana, 76 percent reported income loss, and all reported that their livelihoods had been affected. Thirty-four percent of 2020 minor season crop farmers experienced difficulty in selling their produce, and 43 percent of all sample crop farmers anticipated difficulties in accessing inputs in the 2020 major season, mainly fertilizers and agrochemicals. Of those growing fish, 53 percent experienced difficulty in accessing inputs, mainly feeds; 60 percent reported increased input prices; and 64 percent of those harvesting from March to June 2020 experienced difficulties in selling their fish because of lower demand, lower tilapia prices, and higher transportation costs. Despite farm and nonfarm income losses, a majority of households in the rural sample reported maintaining previous levels of diet diversity and food consumption - only 11 percent reported reducing their food consumption to cope with income loss. Several months into the COVID-19 crisis in Ghana, households in both rural and urban areas showed some resilience in terms of their agricultural production and food consumption. Regular monitoring is needed, however, especially if household savings start to dry up and coping mechanisms become more restrictive.
Economic Environmental And Health Consequences Of Conservation Capital
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Author : Ramesh Chandra Das
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-08-26
Economic Environmental And Health Consequences Of Conservation Capital written by Ramesh Chandra Das and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-08-26 with Business & Economics categories.
This book tackles the oft ignored role of conservation capital in mainstream discussions in maintaining sustainable development of a country in particular, and the world economy in general. A continuous increase in global temperature trends, climate change, and other related factors has compelled academicians from natural as well as social sciences to reorient classical thought from high growth through large resource extraction, to sustainable growth through lower extraction. This leads one to the important role of generation of conservation capital to satisfy long-term growth and development objectives of economies. This book covers studies on the related issues of conservation capital, environmental crisis, and health impacts from the perspectives of different countries. The highlight is inclusion of some studies on the impact of environmental degradation in relation to COVID 19 pandemic. The book coaxes policy makers to rethink on the optimum use of environmental resources for economic and social activities. The broad coverage of studies included from different regions across the globe ensures that the book finds a wide readership among students and researchers from economics and other social sciences and natural sciences, along with policy makers intent on forming policies leading to a more sustainable growth model.
Impact Of Covid 19 Nowcasting And Big Data To Track Economic Activity In Sub Saharan Africa
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Author : Brandon Buell
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2021-05
Impact Of Covid 19 Nowcasting And Big Data To Track Economic Activity In Sub Saharan Africa written by Brandon Buell and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05 with Business & Economics categories.
The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the critical need for detailed, timely information on its evolving economic impacts, particularly for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where data availability and lack of generalizable nowcasting methodologies limit efforts for coordinated policy responses. This paper presents a suite of high frequency and granular country-level indicator tools that can be used to nowcast GDP and track changes in economic activity for countries in SSA. We make two main contributions: (1) demonstration of the predictive power of alternative data variables such as Google search trends and mobile payments, and (2) implementation of two types of modelling methodologies, machine learning and parametric factor models, that have flexibility to incorporate mixed-frequency data variables. We present nowcast results for 2019Q4 and 2020Q1 GDP for Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, and Ghana, and argue that our factor model methodology can be generalized to nowcast and forecast GDP for other SSA countries with limited data availability and shorter timeframes.
Proceedings Of The 3rd Borobudur International Symposium On Humanities And Social Science 2021 Bis Hss 2021
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Author : Muji Setiyo
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-02-10
Proceedings Of The 3rd Borobudur International Symposium On Humanities And Social Science 2021 Bis Hss 2021 written by Muji Setiyo and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-02-10 with Art categories.
This is an open access book. Still related to the big theme of reinforcement the SDG’s at the previous conference, we try to invite academics and researchers in the world to participate in the 3rd Borobudur International Symposium 2021 (3rd BIS 2021). As we know, The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on all 17 SDGs have demonstrated that what began as a health catastrophe swiftly transformed into a human and socioeconomic crisis. In September 2019, the UN Secretary-General urged all sectors of society to mobilize for a decade of action on three fronts: global action to ensure increased leadership, increased resources, and smarter solutions for the Sustainable Development Goals; local action to embed the necessary transitions into governments’ policies, budgets, institutions, and regulatory frameworks; and international action to ensure greater leadership, increased resources, and smarter solutions for the Sustainable Development Goals. Especially in 3rd BIS 2021, we brought up “Decade of Action towards Environmental Issues: Advancing the Innovation to Recover our Planet” as main theme. The conference will be held on Wednesday, December 15, 2021 in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Scope includes Art & Linguistics, Communication, Economics, Education, Government Studies, Health Administration, Hospitality, International Relations, Law, Pharmacy, Political Studies, Psychology, Public Health, Religious Studies, Sociology, Health Sciences.
2021 Global Food Policy Report Transforming Food Systems After Covid 19
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Author : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2021-04-13
2021 Global Food Policy Report Transforming Food Systems After Covid 19 written by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-13 with Political Science categories.
The coronavirus pandemic has upended local, national, and global food systems, and put the Sustainable Development Goals further out of reach. But lessons from the world’s response to the pandemic can help address future shocks and contribute to food system change. In the 2021 Global Food Policy Report, IFPRI researchers and other food policy experts explore the impacts of the pandemic and government policy responses, particularly for the poor and disadvantaged, and consider what this means for transforming our food systems to be healthy, resilient, efficient, sustainable, and inclusive. Chapters in the report look at balancing health and economic policies, promoting healthy diets and nutrition, strengthening social protection policies and inclusion, integrating natural resource protection into food sector policies, and enhancing the contribution of the private sector. Regional sections look at the diverse experiences around the world, and a special section on finance looks at innovative ways of funding food system transformation. Critical questions addressed include: - Who felt the greatest impact from falling incomes and food system disruptions caused by the pandemic? - How can countries find an effective balance among health, economic, and social policies in the face of crisis? - How did lockdowns affect diet quality and quantity in rural and urban areas? - Do national social protection systems such as cash transfers have the capacity to protect poor and vulnerable groups in a global crisis? - Can better integration of agricultural and ecosystem polices help prevent the next pandemic? - How did companies accelerate ongoing trends in digitalization and integration to keep food supply chains moving? - What different challenges did the pandemic spark in Asia, Africa, and Latin America and how did these regions respond?
The Economy Wide Impact Of Sudan S Ongoing Conflict Implications On Economic Activity Agrifood System And Poverty
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Author : Siddig, Khalid
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2023-08-28
The Economy Wide Impact Of Sudan S Ongoing Conflict Implications On Economic Activity Agrifood System And Poverty written by Siddig, Khalid and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-08-28 with Political Science categories.
The armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Sudan entered its sixth month since it erupted on April 15th, 2023, with no signs of ending soon. The war has caused severe humanitarian catastrophe, destroyed key infrastructure, and constrained trade and production activities. Moreover, it disrupted access to public utilities, financial services, and markets, hence, triggering considerable scarcity of goods and services. In this paper, we utilize a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Multiplier modeling framework to assess the economywide implications of these disruptions of economic activity, productive resources, and livelihoods. Results reveal that the economy would shrink to nearly half its size before the war, household incomes decline by more than 40 percent in urban and rural areas, and the number of poor people increase by 1.8 million if the war continues until the end of the year. The impact would have been two thirds less should the war have ended before July 2023 and would be one third less if it would end before October 2023. This study therefore calls for rapid interventions from all relevant parties to help reach an end to the fighting.