The Four Color Theorem
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The Four Color Theorem
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Author : Rudolf Fritsch
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
The Four Color Theorem written by Rudolf Fritsch and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Mathematics categories.
This book discusses a famous problem that helped to define the field now known as topology: What is the minimum number of colors required to print a map so that no two adjoining countries have the same color? This problem remained unsolved until the 1950s, when it was finally cracked using a computer. This book discusses the history and mathematics of the problem, as well as the philosophical debate which ensued, regarding the validity of computer generated proofs.
The Four Color Problem
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Author : Thomas L. Saaty
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977
The Four Color Problem written by Thomas L. Saaty and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with Mathematics categories.
The Four Color Problem
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2011-08-29
The Four Color Problem written by and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-29 with Mathematics categories.
The Four-Color Problem
The Four Color Theorem
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Author : Rudolf Fritsch
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1998
The Four Color Theorem written by Rudolf Fritsch and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Mathematics categories.
This elegant little book discusses a famous problem that helped to define the field now known as graph theory: what is the minimum number of colors required to print a map such that no two adjoining countries have the same color, no matter how convoluted their boundaries are. Many famous mathematicians have worked on the problem, but the proof eluded formulation until the 1970s, when it was finally cracked with a brute-force approach using a computer. The Four-Color Theorem begins by discussing the history of the problem up to the new approach given in the 1990s (by Neil Robertson, Daniel Sanders, Paul Seymour, and Robin Thomas). The book then goes into the mathematics, with a detailed discussion of how to convert the originally topological problem into a combinatorial one that is both elementary enough that anyone with a basic knowledge of geometry can follow it and also rigorous enough that a mathematician can read it with satisfaction. The authors discuss the mathematics and point to the philosophical debate that ensued when the proof was announced: just what is a mathematical proof, if it takes a computer to provide one - and is such a thing a proof at all?
The Four Color Theorem And Basic Graph Theory
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Author : Chris McMullen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020-05-26
The Four Color Theorem And Basic Graph Theory written by Chris McMullen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-26 with categories.
Explore a variety of fascinating concepts relating to the four-color theorem with an accessible introduction to related concepts from basic graph theory. From a clear explanation of Heawood's disproof of Kempe's argument to novel features like quadrilateral switching, this book by Chris McMullen, Ph.D., is packed with content. It even includes a novel handwaving argument explaining why the four-color theorem is true. What is the four-color theorem? Why is it common to work with graphs instead of maps? What are Kempe chains? What is the problem with Alfred Kempe's attempted proof? How does Euler's formula relate the numbers of faces, edges, and vertices? What are Kuratowski's theorem and Wagner's theorem? What is the motivation behind triangulation? What is quadrilateral switching? What is vertex splitting? What is the three-edges theorem? Is there an algorithm for four-coloring a map or graph? What is a Hamiltonian cycle? What is a separating triangle? How is the four-color theorem like an ill-conditioned logic puzzle? Why is the four-color theorem true? What makes the four-color theorem so difficult to prove by hand?
Four Colors Suffice
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Author : Robin Wilson
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2021-10-12
Four Colors Suffice written by Robin Wilson and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-12 with Mathematics categories.
On October 23, 1852, Professor Augustus De Morgan wrote a letter to a colleague, unaware that he was launching one of the most famous mathematical conundrums in history--one that would confound thousands of puzzlers for more than a century. This is the amazing story of how the "map problem" was solved. The problem posed in the letter came from a former student: What is the least possible number of colors needed to fill in any map (real or invented) so that neighboring counties are always colored differently? This deceptively simple question was of minimal interest to cartographers, who saw little need to limit how many colors they used. But the problem set off a frenzy among professional mathematicians and amateur problem solvers, among them Lewis Carroll, an astronomer, a botanist, an obsessive golfer, the Bishop of London, a man who set his watch only once a year, a California traffic cop, and a bridegroom who spent his honeymoon coloring maps. In their pursuit of the solution, mathematicians painted maps on doughnuts and horseshoes and played with patterned soccer balls and the great rhombicuboctahedron. It would be more than one hundred years (and countless colored maps) later before the result was finally established. Even then, difficult questions remained, and the intricate solution--which involved no fewer than 1,200 hours of computer time--was greeted with as much dismay as enthusiasm. Providing a clear and elegant explanation of the problem and the proof, Robin Wilson tells how a seemingly innocuous question baffled great minds and stimulated exciting mathematics with far-flung applications. This is the entertaining story of those who failed to prove, and those who ultimately did prove, that four colors do indeed suffice to color any map. This new edition features many color illustrations. It also includes a new foreword by Ian Stewart on the importance of the map problem and how it was solved.
The Four Color Theorem
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Author : Spencer-Brown
language : en
Publisher: Dutton Adult
Release Date : 1985-06
The Four Color Theorem written by Spencer-Brown and has been published by Dutton Adult this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985-06 with categories.
Four Colors Suffice
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Author : Robin J. Wilson
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2002
Four Colors Suffice written by Robin J. Wilson and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Mathematics categories.
On October 23, 1852, Professor Augustus De Morgan wrote a letter to a colleague, unaware that he was launching one of the most famous mathematical conundrums in history--one that would confound thousands of puzzlers for more than a century. This is the amazing story of how the "map problem" was solved. The problem posed in the letter came from a former student: What is the least possible number of colors needed to fill in any map (real or invented) so that neighboring counties are always colored differently? This deceptively simple question was of minimal interest to cartographers, who saw little need to limit how many colors they used. But the problem set off a frenzy among professional mathematicians and amateur problem solvers, among them Lewis Carroll, an astronomer, a botanist, an obsessive golfer, the Bishop of London, a man who set his watch only once a year, a California traffic cop, and a bridegroom who spent his honeymoon coloring maps. In their pursuit of the solution, mathematicians painted maps on doughnuts and horseshoes and played with patterned soccer balls and the great rhombicuboctahedron. It would be more than one hundred years (and countless colored maps) later before the result was finally established. Even then, difficult questions remained, and the intricate solution--which involved no fewer than 1,200 hours of computer time--was greeted with as much dismay as enthusiasm. Providing a clear and elegant explanation of the problem and the proof, Robin Wilson tells how a seemingly innocuous question baffled great minds and stimulated exciting mathematics with far-flung applications. This is the entertaining story of those who failed to prove, and those who ultimately did prove, that four colors do indeed suffice to color any map.
Every Planar Map Is Four Colorable
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Author : Kenneth I. Appel
language : en
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
Release Date : 1989
Every Planar Map Is Four Colorable written by Kenneth I. Appel and has been published by American Mathematical Soc. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Mathematics categories.
In this volume, the authors present their 1972 proof of the celebrated Four Color Theorem in a detailed but self-contained exposition accessible to a general mathematical audience. An emended version of the authors' proof of the theorem, the book contains the full text of the supplements and checklists, which originally appeared on microfiche. The thiry-page introduction, intended for nonspecialists, provides some historical background of the theorem and details of the authors' proof. In addition, the authors have added an appendix which treats in much greater detail the argument for situations in which reducible configurations are immersed rather than embedded in triangulations. This result leads to a proof that four coloring can be accomplished in polynomial time.
Four Colors Suffice
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Author : Robin J. Wilson
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2002
Four Colors Suffice written by Robin J. Wilson and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Mathematics categories.
On October 23, 1852, Professor Augustus De Morgan wrote a letter to a colleague, unaware that he was launching one of the most famous mathematical conundrums in history--one that would confound thousands of puzzlers for more than a century. This is the amazing story of how the "map problem" was solved. The problem posed in the letter came from a former student: What is the least possible number of colors needed to fill in any map (real or invented) so that neighboring counties are always colored differently? This deceptively simple question was of minimal interest to cartographers, who saw little need to limit how many colors they used. But the problem set off a frenzy among professional mathematicians and amateur problem solvers, among them Lewis Carroll, an astronomer, a botanist, an obsessive golfer, the Bishop of London, a man who set his watch only once a year, a California traffic cop, and a bridegroom who spent his honeymoon coloring maps. In their pursuit of the solution, mathematicians painted maps on doughnuts and horseshoes and played with patterned soccer balls and the great rhombicuboctahedron. It would be more than one hundred years (and countless colored maps) later before the result was finally established. Even then, difficult questions remained, and the intricate solution--which involved no fewer than 1,200 hours of computer time--was greeted with as much dismay as enthusiasm. Providing a clear and elegant explanation of the problem and the proof, Robin Wilson tells how a seemingly innocuous question baffled great minds and stimulated exciting mathematics with far-flung applications. This is the entertaining story of those who failed to prove, and those who ultimately did prove, that four colors do indeed suffice to color any map.