The Internal Structure Of Predicates And Names

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The Internal Structure Of Predicates And Names

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Author : Richard L Epstein
language : en
Publisher: Advanced Reasoning Forum
Release Date : 2018-10-31

The Internal Structure Of Predicates And Names written by Richard L Epstein and has been published by Advanced Reasoning Forum this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-31 with Philosophy categories.

This series of volumes is meant to extend the scope of what we can formalize in classical predicate logic, and in doing so see the limitations of what can be done. The first section of this volume presents classical predicate logic with equality. In the second section, that logic is extended to formalize reasoning that involves adverbs and relative adjectives by viewing those as modifiers of simpler predicates. What is normally taken to be an atomic predicate, such as "barking loudly", can then have internal structure. Reasoning that involves conjunctions of terms, as in "Tom and Dick lifted the table", conjunctions of modifiers, conjunctions of predicates, and disjunctions of predicates can also be formalized by viewing them as part of the internal structure of atomic predicates. Many questions about the nature of formalizing arise in doing this. The internal structure of names is the topic of the third and last section. Names for functions are used in classical predicate logic to form complex names. In our ordinary reasoning we also use descriptions to form functions, such as "the wife of", and descriptions to form names, such as "the cat that scratched Zoe". To reason with those we can take account of their internal structure by dropping the assumption that every name must refer to a specific thing. The formal systems that are developed here are meant to help us understand how to reason well. Many worked examples show how to use them. Those examples also uncover limitations of the formal work. Throughout this series of volumes, the work proceeds by abstracting and creating formal models to formalize reasoning. By paying attention to the process of abstracting we gain insight into why we consider some reasoning to be good and some reasoning bad, and insight also into the deeper assumptions we make about the world on which our judgments rely.

Possessors Predicates And Movement In The Determiner Phrase

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Author : Artemis Alexiadou
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 1998-01-01

Possessors Predicates And Movement In The Determiner Phrase written by Artemis Alexiadou and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-01-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

This volume presents a cross-section of current research on the internal syntax of 'Determiner Phrases` (DPs), with special emphasis on the analysis of DPs modified by genitival, adjectival and other non-finite attributes. Possessors, Predicates and Movement in the DP illustrates clearly the ongoing debate over older and more recent approaches to the syntax of DPs in particular in the wake of the minimalist program (Chomsky 1995) and Kayne's antisymmetry hypothesis (Kayne 1994). The relative theoretical coherence among the contributions permits detailed comparison of specific syntactic proposals, providing a solid basis for further debate. Several of the papers address the syntactic questions in parallel with related semantic or morphological issues. The value of this collection to the study of Universal Grammar is also underlined by its comparative bias. Analyses of Germanic, Romance and Balkan languages figure prominently, and a number of new empirical generalizations within and between languages are discussed.

The Semantic Foundations Of Logic Predicate Logic

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Author : Richard L. Epstein
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994

The Semantic Foundations Of Logic Predicate Logic written by Richard L. Epstein and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with French language categories.

Predicate Logic

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Author : Richard L Epstein
language : en
Publisher: Advanced Reasoning Forum
Release Date : 2018-11-05

Predicate Logic written by Richard L Epstein and has been published by Advanced Reasoning Forum this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-05 with Philosophy categories.

The forms and scope of logic rest on assumptions of how language and reasoning connect to experience. In this volume an analysis of meaning and truth provides a foundation for studying modern propositional and predicate logics. Chapters on propositional logic, parsing propositions, and meaning, truth, and reference give a basis for criteria that can be used to judge formalizations of ordinary language arguments. Over 120 worked examples of formalizations of propositions and arguments illustrate the scope and limitations of modern logic, as analyzed in chapters on identity, quantifiers, descriptive names, functions, and second-order logic. The chapter on second-order logic illustrates how different conceptions of predicates and propositions do not lead to a common basis for quantification over predicates, as they do for quantification over things. Notable for its clarity of presentation, and supplemented by many exercises, this volume is suitable for philosophers, linguists, mathematicians, and computer scientists who wish to better understand the tools they use in formalizing reasoning.

Acquaintance Ontology And Knowledge

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Author : Fred Wilson
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2013-05-02

Acquaintance Ontology And Knowledge written by Fred Wilson and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-02 with Philosophy categories.

These essays bring together forty years of work in ontology. Intentionality, negation, universals, bare particulars, tropes, general facts, relations, the myth of the 'myth of the given', are among the topics covered. Bergmann, Quine, Sellars, Russell, Wittgenstein, Hume, Bradley, Hochberg, Dummett, Frege, Plato, are among the philosophers discussed. The essays criticize non-Humean notions of cause; they criticize the notion that besides simple atomic facts there are also negative facts and general facts. They defend a realism of properties as universals, against nominalism; bare particulars; a (qualified) realism with regard to logical form; a Russellian account of relations; and an account of minds and intentionality, which is opposed to materialism, but is also a form of (methodological) behaviourism. In general, the ontology is one of logical atomism and empiricist throughout, rooted in a Principle of Acquaintance.

Programming In Prolog

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Author : W. F. Clocksin
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Programming In Prolog written by W. F. Clocksin and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Computers categories.

Since the first publishing of Programming in Prolog in 1981, Pro log has continued to attract an unexpectedly great deal of interest in the computer science community and is now seen as a potential ba sis for an important new generation of programming languages and systems. We hope that Programming in Prolog has partially satisfied the increasing need for an easy, yet comprehensive introduction to the language as a tool for practical programming. In this second edition we have taken the opportunity to improve the presentation and to correct various minor errors in the original. We thank the many people who have given us suggestions for corrections and improvement. W. F. C. C. S. M. Cambridge, England August, 198-1 Preface to the First Edition The computer programming language Prolog is quickly gaining popularity throughout the world. Since its beginnings around 1970, Prolog has been chosen by many programmers for applications of symbolic computation, including: • relational databases • mathematical logic • abstract problem solving • understanding naturallangur~ge • design automation • symbolic equation solving • biochemical structure analysis • many areas of artificial intelligence Until now, there has been no textbook with the aim of teaching Prolog as a practical programming language. It is perhaps a tribute to Prolog that so many people have been motivated to learn it by referring to the necessarily concise reference manuals, a few published papers, and by the orally transmitted 'folklore' of the modern computing community.

Time And Space In Formal Logic

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Author : Richard L. Epstein
language : en
Publisher: Advanced Reasoning Forum
Release Date : 2022-09-13

Time And Space In Formal Logic written by Richard L. Epstein and has been published by Advanced Reasoning Forum this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-13 with Philosophy categories.

Time and Space in Formal Logic begins with an analysis of assumptions about how logic and language relate. Then in the first section, times are taken to be established by true propositions, and those are related as before and after with temporal propositional connectives. In the second section, times are treated as things that can be picked out and counted, leading to a predicate logic that allows for quantification over times. In the third section, locations in space are also treated as things that can be picked out and counted, leading to a predicate logic that allows for quantification over both times and locations. Many applications of the formal systems to formalizing ordinary language propositions and inferences clarify better the assumptions we make in reasoning taking account of time and space by making those precise in the formal systems. Appendices on events, branching times, intentions, and descriptive names add to the scope of the work.

Linguistic Expressions And Semantic Processing

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Author : Alastair Butler
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-05-26

Linguistic Expressions And Semantic Processing written by Alastair Butler and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-05-26 with Computers categories.

This book introduces formal semantics techniques for a natural language processing audience. Methods discussed involve: (i) the denotational techniques used in model-theoretic semantics, which make it possible to determine whether a linguistic expression is true or false with respect to some model of the way things happen to be; and (ii) stages of interpretation, i.e., ways to arrive at meanings by evaluating and converting source linguistic expressions, possibly with respect to contexts, into output (logical) forms that could be used with (i). The book demonstrates that the methods allow wide coverage without compromising the quality of semantic analysis. Access to unrestricted, robust and accurate semantic analysis is widely regarded as an essential component for improving natural language processing tasks, such as: recognizing textual entailment, information extraction, summarization, automatic reply, and machine translation.

The Syntax And Semantics Of Noun Modifiers And The Theory Of Universal Grammar

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Author : Min-Joo Kim
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-03-20

The Syntax And Semantics Of Noun Modifiers And The Theory Of Universal Grammar written by Min-Joo Kim and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-20 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

This book takes Korean as a basis to provide a detailed universal Determiner Phrase (DP) structure. Adnominal adjectival expressions are apparently optional noun dependents but their syntax and semantics have been shown to provide an important window on the internal structure of DP. By carefully examining data from Korean, an understudied language, as well as from other unrelated languages, the book provides a broad perspective on the phenomenon of noun modification and its cross-linguistic variations. Furthermore, it offers not only a thorough syntactic analysis but also a formal semantic analysis of noun modifiers that extends beyond a single language. This book will be of great interest to researchers interested in theoretical syntax, its interfaces with semantics, pragmatics, linguistic typology, and language variation. ​

Ontological Categories

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Author : Jan Westerhoff
language : en
Publisher: Clarendon Press
Release Date : 2005-11-10

Ontological Categories written by Jan Westerhoff and has been published by Clarendon Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-11-10 with Philosophy categories.

The concept of an ontological category is central to metaphysics. Metaphysicians argue about which category an object should be assigned to, whether one category can be reduced to another one, or whether there might be different equally adequate systems of categorization. Answers to these questions presuppose a clear understanding of what precisely an ontological category is, an issue which is rarely addressed; Jan Westerhoff presents the first in-depth analysis both of the use made of ontological categories in the metaphysical literature, and of various attempts at defining them. He also develops a new theory of ontological categories which implies that there will be no unique system, and that the ontological category an object belongs to is not an essential property of that object. Systems of ontological categories are structures imposed on the world, rather than reflections of a deep metaphysical reality already present. All metaphysicians should find Westerhoff's book highly stimulating.