The Norms Of Nature
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The Norms Of Nature
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Author : Malcolm Schofield
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2007-08-16
The Norms Of Nature written by Malcolm Schofield and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-08-16 with Philosophy categories.
Can moral philosophy alter our moral beliefs or our emotions? Does moral scepticism mean making up our own values, or does it leave us without moral commitments at all? Is it possible to find a basis for ethics in human nature? These are some of the main questions explored in this volume, which is devoted to the ethics of the Hellenistic schools of philosophy. Some of the leading scholars in the field have here taken a look at the bases of the Stoics' and Epicureans' thinking about what the Greeks took to be the central questions of philosophy. Their essays, which originated in a conference held at Bad Homburg in 1983, the third in a series of conferences on Hellenistic philosophy, propose important interpretations of the texts, and pose some fascinating problems about the different roles of argument and reason in ancient and modern moral philosophy. This book will be of interest to moral philosophers and to scholars of Greek philosophy too.
Norms Of Nature
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Author : Paul Sheldon Davies
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2003-01-24
Norms Of Nature written by Paul Sheldon Davies and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-01-24 with Science categories.
The components of living systems strike us as functional-as for the sake of certain ends—and as endowed with specific norms of performance. The mammalian eye, for example, has the function of perceiving and processing light, and possession of this property tempts us to claim that token eyes are supposed to perceive and process light. That is, we tend to evaluate the performance of token eyes against the norm described in the attributed functional property. Hence the norms of nature. What, then, are the norms of nature? Whence do they arise? Out of what natural properties or relations are they constituted? In Norms of Nature, Paul Sheldon Davies argues against the prevailing view that natural norms are constituted out of some form of historical success—usually success in natural selection. He defends the view that functions are nothing more than effects that contribute to the exercise of some more general systemic capacity. Natural functions exist insofar as the components of natural systems contribute to the exercise of systemic capacities. This is so irrespective of the system's history. Even if the mammalian eye had never been selected for, it would have the function of perceiving and processing light, because those are the effects that contribute to the exercise of the visual system. The systemic approach to conceptualizing natural norms, claims Davies, is superior to the historical approach in several important ways. Especially significant is that it helps us understand how the attribution of functions within the life sciences coheres with the methods and ontology of the natural sciences generally.
Teleology And The Norms Of Nature
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Author : William J. FitzPatrick
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-09-25
Teleology And The Norms Of Nature written by William J. FitzPatrick and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-25 with Philosophy categories.
This work is an examination of teleological attributions i.e. ascriptions of proper functions and natural ends) to the features and behavior of living things with a view to understanding their application to human life.
Against Nature
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Author : Lorraine Daston
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2019-05-28
Against Nature written by Lorraine Daston and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-28 with Philosophy categories.
A pithy work of philosophical anthropology that explores why humans find moral orders in natural orders. Why have human beings, in many different cultures and epochs, looked to nature as a source of norms for human behavior? From ancient India and ancient Greece, medieval France and Enlightenment America, up to the latest controversies over gay marriage and cloning, natural orders have been enlisted to illustrate and buttress moral orders. Revolutionaries and reactionaries alike have appealed to nature to shore up their causes. No amount of philosophical argument or political critique deters the persistent and pervasive temptation to conflate the “is” of natural orders with the “ought” of moral orders. In this short, pithy work of philosophical anthropology, Lorraine Daston asks why we continually seek moral orders in natural orders, despite so much good counsel to the contrary. She outlines three specific forms of natural order in the Western philosophical tradition—specific natures, local natures, and universal natural laws—and describes how each of these three natural orders has been used to define and oppose a distinctive form of the unnatural. She argues that each of these forms of the unnatural triggers equally distinctive emotions: horror, terror, and wonder. Daston proposes that human reason practiced in human bodies should command the attention of philosophers, who have traditionally yearned for a transcendent reason, valid for all species, all epochs, even all planets.
The Grammar Of Society
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Author : Cristina Bicchieri
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2005-12-12
The Grammar Of Society written by Cristina Bicchieri and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-12-12 with Philosophy categories.
In The Grammar of Society, first published in 2006, Cristina Bicchieri examines social norms, such as fairness, cooperation, and reciprocity, in an effort to understand their nature and dynamics, the expectations that they generate, and how they evolve and change. Drawing on several intellectual traditions and methods, including those of social psychology, experimental economics and evolutionary game theory, Bicchieri provides an integrated account of how social norms emerge, why and when we follow them, and the situations where we are most likely to focus on relevant norms. Examining the existence and survival of inefficient norms, she demonstrates how norms evolve in ways that depend upon the psychological dispositions of the individual and how such dispositions may impair social efficiency. By contrast, she also shows how certain psychological propensities may naturally lead individuals to evolve fairness norms that closely resemble those we follow in most modern societies.
Blame
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Author : D. Justin Coates
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press on Demand
Release Date : 2013-01-31
Blame written by D. Justin Coates and has been published by Oxford University Press on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-31 with Philosophy categories.
What is it to blame someone, and when are would-be blamers in a position to do so? What function does blame serve in our lives, and is it a valuable way of relating to one another? The essays in this volume explore answers to these and related questions.
What S So Good About Biodiversity
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Author : Donald S. Maier
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-05-23
What S So Good About Biodiversity written by Donald S. Maier and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-05-23 with Philosophy categories.
There has been a deluge of material on biodiversity, starting from a trickle back in the mid-1980's. However, this book is entirely unique in its treatment of the topic. It is unique in its meticulously crafted, scientifically informed, philosophical examination of the norms and values that are at the heart of discussions about biodiversity. And it is unique in its point of view, which is the first to comprehensively challenge prevailing views about biodiversity and its value. According to those dominant views, biodiversity is an extremely good thing – so good that it has become the emblem of natural value. The book's broader purpose is to use biodiversity as a lens through which to view the nature of natural value. It first examines, on their own terms, the arguments for why biodiversity is supposed to be a good thing. This discussion cuts a very broad and detailed swath through the scientific, economic, and environmental literature. It finds all these arguments to be seriously wanting. Worse, these arguments appear to have consequences that should dismay and perplex most environmentalists. The book then turns to a deeper analysis of these failures and suggests that they result from posing value questions from within a framework that is inappropriate for nature's value. It concludes with a novel suggestion for framing natural value. This new proposal avoids the pitfalls of the ones that prevail in the promotion of biodiversity. And it exposes the goals of conservation biology, restoration biology, and the world's largest conservation organizations as badly ill-conceived.
The Grammar Of Society
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Author : Cristina Bicchieri
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
The Grammar Of Society written by Cristina Bicchieri and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Social norms categories.
Explaining Norms
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Author : Geoffrey Brennan
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2013-09-05
Explaining Norms written by Geoffrey Brennan and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-09-05 with Philosophy categories.
This book presents the concept of norms by four different philosophers. They discuss how norms emerge, persist, change, and how they serve to explain what we do.
Rules Norms And Decisions
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Author : Friedrich V. Kratochwil
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1991-04-26
Rules Norms And Decisions written by Friedrich V. Kratochwil and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991-04-26 with Law categories.
This book assesses the impact of norms on decision-making. It argues that norms influence choices not by being causes for actions, but by providing reasons. Consequently it approaches the problem via an investigation of the reasoning process in which norms play a decisive role. Kratochwil argues that, depending upon the strictness the guidance norms provide in arriving at a decision, different styles of reasoning with norms can be distinguished. While the focus in this book is largely analytical, the argument is developed through the interpretation of the classic thinkers in international law (Grotius, Vattel, Pufendorf, Rousseau, Hume, Habermas).