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The Origins Of Morality

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Evolutionary Origins Of Morality

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Author : Leonard D. Katz
language : en
Publisher: Imprint Academic
Release Date : 2000

Evolutionary Origins Of Morality written by Leonard D. Katz and has been published by Imprint Academic this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Philosophy categories.

This volume includes four principal papers and a total of 43 peer commentaries on the evolutionary origins of morality.

The Origins Of Morality

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Author : Dennis Krebs
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2011-08

The Origins Of Morality written by Dennis Krebs and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08 with Philosophy categories.

Why do people behave in moral ways in some circumstances, but not in others? In order to account fully for morality, Dennis Krebs departs from traditional approaches to morality that suggest that children acquire morals through socialization, cultural indoctrination, and moral reasoning. He suggests that such approaches can be subsumed, refined, and revised gainfully within an evolutionary framework. Relying on evolutionary theory, Krebs offers an account of how notions of morality originated in the human species. He updates Darwin's early ideas about how dispositions to obey authority, to control antisocial urges, and to behave in altruistic and cooperative ways originated and evolved, then goes on to update Darwin's account of how humans acquired a moral sense.Krebs explains why the theory of evolution does not dictate that all animals are selfish and immoral by nature. On the contrary, he argues that moral behaviors and moral judgments evolved to serve certain functions. Krebs examines theory and research on the evolution of primitive forms of prosocial conduct displayed by humans and other animals, then discusses the evolution of uniquely human prosocial behaviors. He describes how a sense of morality originated during the course of human evolution through strategic social interactions among members of small groups, and how it was expanded and refined in modern societies, explaining how this sense gives rise to culturally universal and culturally relative moral norms. Krebs argues that although humans' unique cognitive abilities endow them with the capacity to engage in sophisticated forms of moral reasoning, people rarely live up their potential in their everyday lives. Four conceptions of what it means to be a moral person are identified, with the conclusion that people are naturally inclined to meet the standards of each conception under certain conditions. The key to making the world a more moral place lies in creating environments in which good guys finish first and cheaters fail to prosper.

The Origin And Development Of The Moral Ideas

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Author : Edward Westermarck
language : en
Publisher: DigiCat
Release Date : 2022-05-28

The Origin And Development Of The Moral Ideas written by Edward Westermarck and has been published by DigiCat this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-05-28 with History categories.

The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas is a book by а philosopher Edvard Westermarck. It is one of his main works and a monumental classics study in its field. At the beginning of this book, Westermarck asks why different cultures have different moral views. To answer this question, he decided to acquire first-hand knowledge of the folklore of a non-European people. Thus, he spent four years in Morocco collecting anthropological data, familiarizing himself with the native way of thinking, and understanding local customs. In the result he concluded, he concluded that there is a close connection between moral opinions and religious beliefs.

The Origins Of Morality

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Author : Daniel A. Briggs Ph.D.
language : en
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Release Date : 2012-04-23

The Origins Of Morality written by Daniel A. Briggs Ph.D. and has been published by Xlibris Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-04-23 with Education categories.

The Origins of Morality juxtaposes nature and divinity, theory and faith, and science and theology, provoking intense curiosity about threads woven into the fabric of ethics and belief systems by humankind over the ages. Daniel Briggs critically analyzes classic and contemporary theories in science, biology, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and theology to present fresh insight into the derivation of value systems and mores from the beginning of recorded time to the present day. Tempered by the writings of renowned theorists such as Einstein, Hawking, Darwin, Freud, and Adler against a backdrop of writings attributed to the Divine, Briggs helps the reader traverse a web of complex concepts ranging from the big bang theory and the cosmological constant to Darwinism and intelligent design, iron logic and faith to formulate a cogent view of morality. Briggs balances secular and spiritual elements, examining contentious and divergent views on the foundations underlying humanity and morality to present objective information that allows readers to formulate their own conclusions. Although written in scholarly fashion, The Origins of Morality includes references and a glossary making it suitable for a wide audience of readers. The book will be of particular interest to academicians, psychologists, scientists, sociologists, theologians, students and those individuals seeking answers to fundamental questions about the origins of human belief systems. Rather than repeating content from works, Briggs refers readers interested in exploring certain areas in more detail to other books he has published on related or tangential topics. Briggs has written an intellectually stimulating and thought provoking book that challenges readers to question answers proffered by scientific theory and religion, to draw their own conclusions. The Origins of Morality is highly recommended for those who want to get past philosophical rhetoric and confusing scientific theories to formulate their own answer to the question, "What is morality?" How will you answer this question after reading The Origins of Morality? Judy Bullock, Ph.D. Professor at American Intercontinental University Atlanta, Georgia, USA

The Origins Of Morality

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Author : Dennis Krebs
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2011-07-01

Why do people behave in moral ways in some circumstances, but not in others? In order to account fully for morality, Dennis Krebs departs from traditional approaches to morality that suggest that children acquire morals through socialization, cultural indoctrination, and moral reasoning. He suggests that such approaches can be subsumed, refined, and revised gainfully within an evolutionary framework. Relying on evolutionary theory, Krebs offers an account of how notions of morality originated in the human species. He updates Darwin's early ideas about how dispositions to obey authority, to control antisocial urges, and to behave in altruistic and cooperative ways originated and evolved, then goes on to update Darwin's account of how humans acquired a moral sense. Krebs explains why the theory of evolution does not dictate that all animals are selfish and immoral by nature. On the contrary, he argues that moral behaviors and moral judgments evolved to serve certain functions. Krebs examines theory and research on the evolution of primitive forms of prosocial conduct displayed by humans and other animals, then discusses the evolution of uniquely human prosocial behaviors. He describes how a sense of morality originated during the course of human evolution through strategic social interactions among members of small groups, and how it was expanded and refined in modern societies, explaining how this sense gives rise to culturally universal and culturally relative moral norms. Krebs argues that although humans' unique cognitive abilities endow them with the capacity to engage in sophisticated forms of moral reasoning, people rarely live up their potential in their everyday lives. Four conceptions of what it means to be a moral person are identified, with the conclusion that people are naturally inclined to meet the standards of each conception under certain conditions. The key to making the world a more moral place lies in creating environments in which good guys finish first and cheaters fail to prosper.

The Roots Of Morality

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Author : F. R. Parra
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002-05-01

The Roots Of Morality written by F. R. Parra and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-05-01 with categories.

A new theory of the origins of moral beliefs and behavior.

Moral Origins

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Author : Christopher Boehm
language : en
Publisher: Basic Books
Release Date : 2012-05-01

Moral Origins written by Christopher Boehm and has been published by Basic Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-05-01 with Science categories.

From the age of Darwin to the present day, biologists have been grappling with the origins of our moral sense. Why, if the human instinct to survive and reproduce is "selfish," do people engage in self-sacrifice, and even develop ideas like virtue and shame to justify that altruism? Many theories have been put forth, some emphasizing the role of nepotism, others emphasizing the advantages of reciprocation or group selection effects. But evolutionary anthropologist Christopher Boehm finds existing explanations lacking, and in Moral Origins, he offers an elegant new theory. Tracing the development of altruism and group social control over 6 million years, Boehm argues that our moral sense is a sophisticated defense mechanism that enables individuals to survive and thrive in groups. One of the biggest risks of group living is the possibility of being punished for our misdeeds by those around us. Bullies, thieves, free-riders, and especially psychopaths -- those who make it difficult for others to go about their lives -- are the most likely to suffer this fate. Getting by requires getting along, and this social type of selection, Boehm shows, singles out altruists for survival. This selection pressure has been unique in shaping human nature, and it bred the first stirrings of conscience in the human species. Ultimately, it led to the fully developed sense of virtue and shame that we know today.A groundbreaking exploration of the evolution of human generosity and cooperation, Moral Origins offers profound insight into humanity's moral past -- and how it might shape our moral future.

Conscience The Origins Of Moral Intuition

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Author : Patricia Churchland
language : en
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
Release Date : 2019-06-04

Conscience The Origins Of Moral Intuition written by Patricia Churchland and has been published by W. W. Norton & Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-04 with Philosophy categories.

How do we determine right from wrong? Conscience illuminates the answer through science and philosophy. In her brilliant work Touching a Nerve, Patricia S. Churchland, the distinguished founder of neurophilosophy, drew from scientific research on the brain to understand its philosophical and ethical implications for identity, consciousness, free will, and memory. In Conscience, she explores how moral systems arise from our physical selves in combination with environmental demands. All social groups have ideals for behavior, even though ethics vary among different cultures and among individuals within each culture. In trying to understand why, Churchland brings together an understanding of the influences of nature and nurture. She looks to evolution to elucidate how, from birth, our brains are configured to form bonds, to cooperate, and to care. She shows how children grow up in society to learn, through repetition and rewards, the norms, values, and behavior that their parents embrace. Conscience delves into scientific studies, particularly the fascinating work on twins, to deepen our understanding of whether people have a predisposition to embrace specific ethical stands. Research on psychopaths illuminates the knowledge about those who abide by no moral system and the explanations science gives for these disturbing individuals. Churchland then turns to philosophy—that of Socrates, Aquinas, and contemporary thinkers like Owen Flanagan—to explore why morality is central to all societies, how it is transmitted through the generations, and why different cultures live by different morals. Her unparalleled ability to join ideas rarely put into dialogue brings light to a subject that speaks to the meaning of being human.

Braintrust

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Author : Patricia S. Churchland
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2018-05-22

Braintrust written by Patricia S. Churchland and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-22 with Philosophy categories.

What is morality? Where does it come from? And why do most of us heed its call most of the time? In Braintrust, neurophilosophy pioneer Patricia Churchland argues that morality originates in the biology of the brain. She describes the "neurobiological platform of bonding" that, modified by evolutionary pressures and cultural values, has led to human styles of moral behavior. The result is a provocative genealogy of morals that asks us to reevaluate the priority given to religion, absolute rules, and pure reason in accounting for the basis of morality. Moral values, Churchland argues, are rooted in a behavior common to all mammals--the caring for offspring. The evolved structure, processes, and chemistry of the brain incline humans to strive not only for self-preservation but for the well-being of allied selves--first offspring, then mates, kin, and so on, in wider and wider "caring" circles. Separation and exclusion cause pain, and the company of loved ones causes pleasure; responding to feelings of social pain and pleasure, brains adjust their circuitry to local customs. In this way, caring is apportioned, conscience molded, and moral intuitions instilled. A key part of the story is oxytocin, an ancient body-and-brain molecule that, by decreasing the stress response, allows humans to develop the trust in one another necessary for the development of close-knit ties, social institutions, and morality. A major new account of what really makes us moral, Braintrust challenges us to reconsider the origins of some of our most cherished values.

The Origins Of Fairness

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Author : Nicolas Baumard
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2016-03-01

The Origins Of Fairness written by Nicolas Baumard and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-01 with Philosophy categories.

In order to describe the logic of morality, "contractualist" philosophers have studied how individuals behave when they choose to follow their moral intuitions. These individuals, contractualists note, often act as if they have bargained and thus reached an agreement with others about how to distribute the benefits and burdens of mutual cooperation. Using this observation, such philosophers argue that the purpose of morality is to maximize the benefits of human interaction. The resulting "contract" analogy is both insightful and puzzling. On one hand, it captures the pattern of moral intuitions, thus answering questions about human cooperation: why do humans cooperate? Why should the distribution of benefits be proportionate to each person's contribution? Why should the punishment be proportionate to the crime? Why should the rights be proportionate to the duties? On the other hand, the analogy provides a mere as-if explanation for human cooperation, saying that cooperation is "as if" people have passed a contract-but since they didn't, why should it be so? To evolutionary thinkers, the puzzle of the missing contract is immediately reminiscent of the puzzle of the missing "designer" of life-forms, a puzzle that Darwin's theory of natural selection essentially resolved. Evolutionary and contractualist theory originally intersected at the work of philosophers John Rawls and David Gauthier, who argued that moral judgments are based on a sense of fairness that has been naturally selected. In this book, Nicolas Baumard further explores the theory that morality was originally an adaptation to the biological market of cooperation, an arena in which individuals competed to be selected for cooperative interactions. In this environment, Baumard suggests, the best strategy was to treat others with impartiality and to share the costs and benefits of cooperation in a fair way, so that those who offered less than others were left out of cooperation while those who offered more were exploited by their partners. It is with this evolutionary approach that Baumard ultimately accounts for the specific structure of human morality.

The Origins Of Morality

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