The Rise And Fall Of The American Pedestrian Mall
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The Rise And Fall Of The American Pedestrian Mall
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Author : Jacob Harrison Ross
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
The Rise And Fall Of The American Pedestrian Mall written by Jacob Harrison Ross and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Once a fad that spread through cities across the United States, the pedestrian mall is now the subject of fervent criticism. In the eyes of planners, hundreds of forsaken malls overshadow the handfullof throwing ones, which are therefore seen as exceptions to an otherwise flawed concept. However, the deneraliztion is grossly unfair. As enthusiasm for pedestrian malls increased in cities, many planners ignored underlying demographic and socioeconomic conditions, instead fashioning malls in places that were unsupportive of urban retail. Predictably, many malls failed as a result. This paper uses biserial correlation coefficients and a binary logistic regression model to draw parallels between cities with pedestrian malls and identify place-based factors that impacted their performance, later analyzing the evolution of those same factors to determine whether or not pedestrian malls are likely to succeed in the future despite failing in the past.
From Main Street To Mall
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Author : Vicki Howard
language : en
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Release Date : 2015-04-22
From Main Street To Mall written by Vicki Howard and has been published by University of Pennsylvania Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-22 with Business & Economics categories.
The geography of American retail has changed dramatically since the first luxurious department stores sprang up in nineteenth-century cities. Introducing light, color, and music to dry-goods emporia, these "palaces of consumption" transformed mere trade into occasions for pleasure and spectacle. Through the early twentieth century, department stores remained centers of social activity in local communities. But after World War II, suburban growth and the ubiquity of automobiles shifted the seat of economic prosperity to malls and shopping centers. The subsequent rise of discount big-box stores and electronic shopping accelerated the pace at which local department stores were shuttered or absorbed by national chains. But as the outpouring of nostalgia for lost downtown stores and historic shopping districts would indicate, these vibrant social institutions were intimately connected to American political, cultural, and economic identities. The first national study of the department store industry, From Main Street to Mall traces the changing economic and political contexts that transformed the American shopping experience in the twentieth century. With careful attention to small-town stores as well as glamorous landmarks such as Marshall Field's in Chicago and Wanamaker's in Philadelphia, historian Vicki Howard offers a comprehensive account of the uneven trajectory that brought about the loss of locally identified department store firms and the rise of national chains like Macy's and J. C. Penney. She draws on a wealth of primary source evidence to demonstrate how the decisions of consumers, government policy makers, and department store industry leaders culminated in today's Wal-Mart world. Richly illustrated with archival photographs of the nation's beloved downtown business centers, From Main Street to Mall shows that department stores were more than just places to shop.
The Life And Death Of The American Pedestrian Mall
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Author : Samantha Matuke
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
The Life And Death Of The American Pedestrian Mall written by Samantha Matuke and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Planners enthusiatically implement pedestrian malls across America, without fully understanding their failure in the 20th century. To ensure new malls avoid economic decline, increased crime, increased vacancy, or low utilization, planners must understand how to effectively design pedestrian malls. Using statistical analysis and case studies, factors correlated to mall lifespan are identified. The statistical model identifies what geographic, economic, and social factors correlate with long lasting malls: Populations under 100,000, sunny days greater than 60%, median age under 30, being a major tourist destination, or White demographics over 70% (this is based on historical data and will hopefully change as cities diversify). Five malls with long lifespans fell outside these three parameters and were analyzed in case studies. The case studies identify site-specific factors which lead to increased longevity: Unique paving material, overhead protection, building height more than three stories, transparency, and night lighting.
Festival Modernism
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Author : David Eli Vega-Barachowitz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Festival Modernism written by David Eli Vega-Barachowitz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Between 1956 and 1974, many cities in the United States pedestrianized their main shopping corridors in an effort to revive retail, draw middle-class white consumers back to the central city, and emulate the increasingly popular and profitable suburban shopping centers burgeoning at the fringe. By the late 1980s, pedestrian malls, once a panacea for struggling downtowns, had become the quintessential failed urban project. The rise and fall of the pedestrian mall marks a critical moment in the trajectory of modernism and the history of the American city. The recent and controversial demolition of one of the era's foremost pedestrian malls, Fresno's Fulton Mall (1964), planned by Victor Gruen Associates and designed by the landscape architect Garrett Eckbo, calls for a critical reappraisal of this overlooked chapter of city planning, especially as U.S. cities and downtown partnerships embrace pedestrian plazas, "complete streets," tactical urbanism, and "better blocks" as a strategy for economic revitalization. By coding the visual material of downtown plans published from the late 1950s through the early 1970s, this paper traces the evolution of critical motifs, themes, and ideas embedded within plans that featured pedestrian malls. Four case studies, including Victor Gruen's seminal plan A Greater Fort Worth Tomorrow (1956), Gruen's CentralArea Fresno (1960), I.M. Pei's central business district plan for Oklahoma City (1964), and the plan for downtown Buffalo by Wallace, McHarg, Roberts, and Todd (1971), demonstrate how different plan makers conceptualized pedestrianization as part of downtown renewal. This thesis makes two contentions. First, it identifies the pedestrian mall as a critical precursor to the postmodern, festival marketplace and an expression of a "festival" or "townscape" modernism that represented a middle ground between the oppositional paradigms of clearance and preservation. Pedestrian malls reveal the humanism embedded within aspects of late modernism, and the modernism cloaked by the historicized festival marketplace. The second contention, based on a close reading of downtown plans from the era, is that pedestrian malls were rarely accompanied by broader programs of reform, infrastructure building, and regional planning that might have made them successful. In many cases, their implementation coincided with a nadir in downtown retail and failed as a cosmetic resolution to embedded economic problems. Together, these findings provide planners and policymakers reshaping cities today with a critical historical context for revitalization efforts and important lessons relating to the scale, scope, and challenge of rebuilding downtowns.
Pedestrian Malls And Skywalks
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Author : Kent A. Robertson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Pedestrian Malls And Skywalks written by Kent A. Robertson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Architecture categories.
This book examines the relationship between pedestrian activity and the American 'downtown'. The historical development of pedestrian malls in Europe and America is presented along with particular case studies used to analyze the effect of such developments on other downtown strategies.
Pedestrianized Streets From Shopping To Public Space
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Author : Kelly Gregg
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Pedestrianized Streets From Shopping To Public Space written by Kelly Gregg and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
This dissertation addresses the evolution of pedestrianization, specifically examining the pedestrian mall concept, which originated from modernist planning and design ideas in the early 20th century. The pedestrianization of Times Square in New York City in 2009 has heightened contemporary interest in pedestrianization for public space purposes. Only a few decades ago however, post-war pedestrian malls were dismissed as a failure that devastated retail districts in downtowns across North America. Given this history, how did pedestrianization in North America experience a rise, fall and reinvention in only a few decades? This research specifically examines how pedestrianization and the pedestrian mall concept evolved as a planning idea, a design strategy, and planning policy from modernism to the contemporary planning era in North America. To address this overall question, this dissertation is divided into three articles. The first article questions how pedestrianization was conceptualized as a modernist idea and transferred between North America and Europe during the 20th century and identifies Architect Victor Gruen as a primary figure in the post-war idea exchange. The second article outlines how the pedestrian mall was established and widely replicated as an urban renewal strategy in the American post-war. The third article demonstrates how the post-war pedestrian mall concept failed and was subsequently abandoned in North America. The final and concluding chapter synthesizes the research and suggests evolutionary phases of pedestrianization ranging from the early experimental ideas that were prominent before and during World War II, to the contemporary rise in experimentation with pedestrianization ideas. I conclude in arguing that there is a clear link and recycling of ideas that were only recently rejected and that a similar process of replicating ideas is still occurring.
Our Urban Future
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Author : Sabina Shaikh
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2024-06-11
Our Urban Future written by Sabina Shaikh and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-06-11 with Political Science categories.
A practical, comprehensive textbook that uses active learning techniques to teach about the challenges and opportunities associated with urban sustainability. While the problem of urban sustainability has long been a subject of great scholarly interest, there has, until now, been no single source providing a multi-disciplinary, exhaustive view of how it can be effectively taught. Filling this gap, Our Urban Future uses active learning techniques to comprehensively relate the theory of urban sustainability and the what, why, and how of sustainable cities. This practical, pedagogically rich textbook concisely covers all the key subjects of the field, including ecosystem services and transects, the internal design and patterning of urban elements, how cities mitigate and adapt to climate change, and questions of environmental justice. It functions as both an illuminating roadmap and active reference to which any student of sustainability can turn to find essential resources and perspectives in pursuit of creating sustainable cities. Approachable, discrete exercises introduce students to key sustainability subjects Learn-by-doing approach encourages critically engaging from multiple angles Ideal for students across environmental sustainability, urban planning, urban design, urban studies, sociology architecture, landscape architecture, and geography Robust suite of ancillaries includes links and downloadable data to support activities, and additional readings and resources
America At The Mall
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Author : Lisa Scharoun
language : en
Publisher: McFarland
Release Date : 2014-01-10
America At The Mall written by Lisa Scharoun and has been published by McFarland this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-01-10 with History categories.
Since the construction of the first fully enclosed shopping center in 1952, the shopping mall has evolved into the heart of many suburban areas across the United States. More than simply a place to purchase goods, this veritable "temple of consumerism" has become a primary place for community and social interaction and an essential element in many citizens' day-to-day lives. This study explores the spiritual, emotional and physical effects of the enclosed shopping mall on the public, chronicling the growth of the mall, its role in shaping urban and suburban life, its positive and negative impacts on society and the environment, and its future viability. As this work shows, the mall remains rich in symbolic influence, and in many ways mirrors the American condition.
Meet Me By The Fountain
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Author : Alexandra Lange
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Release Date : 2022-06-14
Meet Me By The Fountain written by Alexandra Lange and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-06-14 with History categories.
Longlisted for the Porchlight Business Book Awards “A smart and accessible cultural history.”-Los Angeles Times A portrait--by turns celebratory, skeptical, and surprisingly moving--of one of America's most iconic institutions, from an author who “might be the most influential design critic writing now” (LARB). Few places have been as nostalgized, or as maligned, as malls. Since their birth in the 1950s, they have loomed large as temples of commerce, the agora of the suburbs. In their prime, they proved a powerful draw for creative thinkers such as Joan Didion, Ray Bradbury, and George Romero, who understood the mall's appeal as both critics and consumers. Yet today, amid the aftershocks of financial crises and a global pandemic, as well as the rise of online retail, the dystopian husk of an abandoned shopping center has become one of our era's defining images. Conventional wisdom holds that the mall is dead. But what was the mall, really? And have rumors of its demise been greatly exaggerated? In her acclaimed The Design of Childhood, Alexandra Lange uncovered the histories of toys, classrooms, and playgrounds. She now turns her sharp eye to another subject we only think we know. She chronicles postwar architects' and merchants' invention of the mall, revealing how the design of these marketplaces played an integral role in their cultural ascent. In Lange's perceptive account, the mall becomes newly strange and rich with contradiction: Malls are environments of both freedom and exclusion--of consumerism, but also of community. Meet Me by the Fountain is a highly entertaining and evocative promenade through the mall's rise, fall, and ongoing reinvention, for readers of any generation.
The Heart Of Toronto
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Author : Daniel Ross
language : en
Publisher: UBC Press
Release Date : 2022-04-01
The Heart Of Toronto written by Daniel Ross and has been published by UBC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-04-01 with Social Science categories.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, downtown North America was reconfigured for the suburban age. The Heart of Toronto follows one example of efforts to address the problems and possibilities of city centres: downtown Yonge Street. Attempts to keep pace with, or even lead, urban change included the street’s conversion into a car-free public space, a clean-up campaign targeting the sex industry, and the construction of North America’s largest urban shopping mall. Linking these projects to postwar decentralization, economic restructuring, and cultural transformation, Daniel Ross reveals the politics and power dynamics involved in reinventing the heart of Toronto.