The Rule Of Reverse Results

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Transactions On Computational Collective Intelligence Xix

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Author : Ngoc Thanh Nguyen
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-12-11

Transactions On Computational Collective Intelligence Xix written by Ngoc Thanh Nguyen and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-11 with Computers categories.

These transactions publish research in computer-based methods of computational collective intelligence (CCI) and their applications in a wide range of fields such as the semantic Web, social networks, and multi-agent systems. TCCI strives to cover new methodological, theoretical and practical aspects of CCI understood as the form of intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and competition of many individuals (artificial and/or natural). The application of multiple computational intelligence technologies, such as fuzzy systems, evolutionary computation, neural systems, consensus theory, etc., aims to support human and other collective intelligence and to create new forms of CCI in natural and/or artificial systems. This nineteenth issue contains 11 carefully selected and revised contributions.

The Rule Of Reverse Results

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Author : Audrey Wells
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2016-05-12

The Rule Of Reverse Results written by Audrey Wells and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-05-12 with Political Science categories.

Do extreme, unethical governmental policies often produce results opposite to those intended? This book considers the ironic outcomes of recent global events and concludes that there is a 'rule of reverse results' at work. While not a hard and fast law, the rule points out the increased probability that a policy will backfire if it is immoral while ethical policies, even if extreme, are unlikely to produce reverse results. The issue here is that of increased likelihood but not of certainty. Governments can never be sure as to the effects of their actions: to some extent they are always working in the dark. But if the motivation is right, moral and humane the policies will not often produce adverse results the opposite of those intended. Based on events in global history in the Twentieth and Twenty-First centuries the chapters can each be read individually, as well as being part of the argument.

Oecd G20 Base Erosion And Profit Shifting Project Neutralising The Effects Of Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements Action 2 2015 Final Report

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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2015-10-05

Oecd G20 Base Erosion And Profit Shifting Project Neutralising The Effects Of Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements Action 2 2015 Final Report written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-10-05 with categories.

Addressing base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) is a key priority of governments. In 2013, OECD and G20 countries, working together on an equal footing, adopted a 15-point Action Plan to address BEPS. This publication is the final report for Action 2.

Van Nostrand S Engineering Magazine

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1884

Van Nostrand S Engineering Magazine written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1884 with Engineering categories.

The Mathematics Of Egypt Mesopotamia China India And Islam

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Author : Victor J. Katz
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2021-08-10

The Mathematics Of Egypt Mesopotamia China India And Islam written by Victor J. Katz and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-10 with Mathematics categories.

In recent decades it has become obvious that mathematics has always been a worldwide activity. But this is the first book to provide a substantial collection of English translations of key mathematical texts from the five most important ancient and medieval non-Western mathematical cultures, and to put them into full historical and mathematical context. The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam gives English readers a firsthand understanding and appreciation of these cultures' important contributions to world mathematics. The five section authors—Annette Imhausen (Egypt), Eleanor Robson (Mesopotamia), Joseph Dauben (China), Kim Plofker (India), and J. Lennart Berggren (Islam)—are experts in their fields. Each author has selected key texts and in many cases provided new translations. The authors have also written substantial section introductions that give an overview of each mathematical culture and explanatory notes that put each selection into context. This authoritative commentary allows readers to understand the sometimes unfamiliar mathematics of these civilizations and the purpose and significance of each text. Addressing a critical gap in the mathematics literature in English, this book is an essential resource for anyone with at least an undergraduate degree in mathematics who wants to learn about non-Western mathematical developments and how they helped shape and enrich world mathematics. The book is also an indispensable guide for mathematics teachers who want to use non-Western mathematical ideas in the classroom.

The Reconceptualization Of European Union Citizenship

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Author : Elspeth Guild
language : en
Publisher: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Release Date : 2014-01-09

The Reconceptualization Of European Union Citizenship written by Elspeth Guild and has been published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-01-09 with Law categories.

This book maps out, from a variety of theoretical standpoints, the challenges generated by European integration and EU citizenship for community membership, belonging and polity-making beyond the state. It does so by focusing on three main issues of relevance for how EU citizenship has developed and its capacity to challenge state sovereignty and authority as the main loci of creating and delivering rights and protection. First, it looks at the relationship between citizenship of the Union and European identity and assesses how immigration and access to nationality in the Member States impact on the development of a common European identity. Secondly, it discusses how the idea of solidarity interacts with the boundaries of EU citizenship as constructed by the entitlement and capacity of mobile citizens to enjoy equality and social rights as EU citizens. Thirdly, the book engages with issues of EU citizenship and equality as the building blocks of the EU project. By engaging with these themes, this volume provides a topical and comprehensive account of the present and future development of Union citizenship and studies the collisions between the realisation of its constructive potential and Member State autonomy.

Gender And Green Governance

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Author : Bina Agarwal
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2010-07-29

Gender And Green Governance written by Bina Agarwal and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-07-29 with Business & Economics categories.

Yet they have hardly been empirically investigated.

Northwestern Journal Of Technology Intellectual Property Vol 10 3

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Author : Nunziato et al.
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2012-01-08

Northwestern Journal Of Technology Intellectual Property Vol 10 3 written by Nunziato et al. and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-08 with Law categories.

Issue 3, Volume 10, of the Northwestern Journal of Technology & Intellectual Property

Machine Learning

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Author : Tom M. Mitchell
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Machine Learning written by Tom M. Mitchell and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Computers categories.

One of the currently most active research areas within Artificial Intelligence is the field of Machine Learning. which involves the study and development of computational models of learning processes. A major goal of research in this field is to build computers capable of improving their performance with practice and of acquiring knowledge on their own. The intent of this book is to provide a snapshot of this field through a broad. representative set of easily assimilated short papers. As such. this book is intended to complement the two volumes of Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach (Morgan-Kaufman Publishers). which provide a smaller number of in-depth research papers. Each of the 77 papers in the present book summarizes a current research effort. and provides references to longer expositions appearing elsewhere. These papers cover a broad range of topics. including research on analogy. conceptual clustering. explanation-based generalization. incremental learning. inductive inference. learning apprentice systems. machine discovery. theoretical models of learning. and applications of machine learning methods. A subject index IS provided to assist in locating research related to specific topics. The majority of these papers were collected from the participants at the Third International Machine Learning Workshop. held June 24-26. 1985 at Skytop Lodge. Skytop. Pennsylvania. While the list of research projects covered is not exhaustive. we believe that it provides a representative sampling of the best ongoing work in the field. and a unique perspective on where the field is and where it is headed.

Double Non Taxation And The Use Of Hybrid Entities

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Author : Leopoldo Parada
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2023-12-11

Double Non Taxation And The Use Of Hybrid Entities written by Leopoldo Parada and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-11 with Law categories.

The topics of double non-taxation and hybrid entities have acquired particular importance in a context where transformations in the tax world have led to international commitments materialised in the OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project. In what is the first systematic in-depth analysis of the OECD BEPS Action Plan 2 and hybrid entities, this timely book provides a critical review of the approach adopted by the OECD and proposes a deeply informed alternative method to deal with the problem of hybrid entity mismatches. The author analyses the interaction between the double non-taxation outcome and the use of hybrid entities in an approach not strictly linked to any specific tax jurisdiction. To this end, the analysis includes case studies and examples from a range of jurisdictions emphasising the international tax context, also including the application of tax treaties. Among the seminal matters covered in this edition are the following: foundations of the concepts of double non-taxation and hybrid entities; extensive analysis based on the rules of characterisation of foreign entities for tax purposes in the United States, Spain, Denmark, and Germany, as well as on the Poland/United States and Canada/United States tax treaties; in-depth analysis of the implications of Article 1(2) OECD Model Tax Convention and Article 3(1) Multilateral Instrument (MLI), especially considering the position of developing (source) countries; detailed analysis of the OECD BEPS Action 2 and its recommendations (linking rules), including its implementation in the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD); and elaborated alternative method to deal with hybrid entity mismatches (reactive coordination rule), which is informed by the tax policy aims of simplicity, coherence, and administrability. Detailed comparisons between the author’s proposal and other existing rules elucidate common points and deviations. If merely for its unparalleled clarification of the issues, this book will prove of immeasurable value to practitioners, tax authorities, policymakers and academics concerned with international tax law. Beyond that, as an authoritative guide that promises to reorient the discussion to what really matters in the debate regarding hybrid entity mismatches, this analysis elaborates solutions applicable to a generality of cases worldwide and, therefore, hugely promotes the urgent quest for alternative views.