The Strategy Of Tension In Italy
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The Strategy Of Tension In Italy
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Author : Juan Avilés
language : en
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
Release Date : 2021-11-08
The Strategy Of Tension In Italy written by Juan Avilés and has been published by Liverpool University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-08 with Political Science categories.
The third wave of terrorism in Europe has been the subject of numerous studies after David Rapoport's theoretical classification, especially as it relates to New Left/Marxist/Socialist activity. But one of its components has not hitherto been subject to scholarly investigation: the Italian neo-fascist terrorism that committed indiscriminate massacres as part of an alleged strategy of stoking political tension. There is evidence that members of the intelligence services and security forces contributed to cover-ups and indeed the neo-fascist murders that took place may have been aimed at creating an atmosphere favourable to a coup d'etat. While conspiracy theories abound there is little in-depth academic research on the circumstances despite the many sources available to researchers: court rulings, evidence gathered by various parliamentary commissions of enquiry and recently declassified official documents. Juan Avilés' comprehensive study of the neo-fascist killings, the coup plots, the cover-ups and the alleged but unproven involvement of US agents, the Stay Behind paramilitary structure and the P2 Masonic Lodge, draws a firm line of demarcation between the real conspiracies that took place in Italy and unfounded conspiracy theories. He offers an unparalleled interpretation of the alleged strategy of creating political tension based on all the available evidence. At the heart of the investigation is the threat to democracy and the way in which Italy was able to avoid the authoritarian drift to which many countries, from Greece to Chile, succumbed in those years. The lessons learned have far-reaching implications for all nations that subscribe to democratic values.
Italian Neofascism
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Author : Anna Cento Bull
language : en
Publisher: Berghahn Books
Release Date : 2011-12
Italian Neofascism written by Anna Cento Bull and has been published by Berghahn Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12 with History categories.
During the Cold War Italy witnessed the existence of an anomalous version of a civil conflict, defined as a 'creeping' or a 'low-intensity' civil war. Political violence escalated, including bomb attacks against civilians, starting with a massacre in Milan, on 12 December 1969, and culminating with the massacre in Bologna, on 2 August 1980. Making use of the literature on national reconciliation and narrative psychology theory, this book examines the fight over the 'judicial' and the 'historical' truth in Italy today, through a contrasting analysis of judicial findings and the 'narratives of victimhood' prevalent among representatives of both the post- and the neo-fascist right.
The Strategy Of Tension In Italy
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Author : Juan Aviles
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022-10-31
The Strategy Of Tension In Italy written by Juan Aviles and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-10-31 with categories.
The third wave of terrorism in Europe has been the subject of numerous studies after David Rapoports theoretical classification, especially as it relates to New Left/Marxist/Socialist activity. But one of its components has not hitherto been subject to scholarly investigation: the Italian neo-fascist terrorism that committed indiscriminate massacres as part of an alleged strategy of stoking political tension. There is evidence that members of the intelligence services and security forces contributed to cover-ups and indeed the neo-fascist murders that took place may have been aimed at creating an atmosphere favourable to a coup détat. While conspiracy theories abound there is little in-depth academic research on the circumstances despite the many sources available to researchers: court rulings, evidence gathered by various parliamentary commissions of enquiry and recently declassified official documents. Juan Avilés comprehensive study of the neo-fascist killings, the coup plots, the cover-ups and the alleged but unproven involvement of US agents, the Stay Behind paramilitary structure and the P2 Masonic Lodge, draws a firm line of demarcation between the real conspiracies that took place in Italy and unfounded conspiracy theories. He offers an unparalleled interpretation of the alleged strategy of creating political tension based on all the available evidence. At the heart of the investigation is the threat to democracy and the way in which Italy was able to avoid the authoritarian drift to which many countries, from Greece to Chile, succumbed in those years. The lessons learned have far-reaching implications for all nations that subscribe to democratic values.
Threats To Democracy
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Author : Franco Ferraresi
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2012-09-17
Threats To Democracy written by Franco Ferraresi and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-17 with History categories.
This book represents the first systematic research by a social scientist on the radical right-wing movements in Italy since 1945. During the heyday of right-wing violence between 1969 and 1980, street aggressions, attacks, and murders were commonplace. These bloody episodes were assumed to be the work of fanatical bands of "political soldiers" and urban warriors loosely controlled by secret services and other covert groups, which used them as part of a "strategy of tension" pursued in domestic and international circles. Franco Ferraresi here acknowledges that these rightist groups were in fact permitted a certain amount of freedom, and even in some cases actually aided, in the hope that revulsion at terrorist tactics would have the effect of mobilizing public opinion in favor of existing political arrangements. However, he also studies the extent to which they operated as autonomous units, while he carefully considers the political heritage, the doctrines, and the ideology that motivated them. With the decline of violent activity on both extremes of the political spectrum in the early 1980s, the theory and practice so comprehensively discussed by Ferraresi seemed to have entered a dormant stage. Ferraresi, however, places in context the recent resurgence of neo-fascist forces in Italy, and of the so-called New Right throughout Europe, together with the rise of fundamentalism in many parts of the world.
Puppetmasters
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Author : Philip Willan
language : en
Publisher: iUniverse
Release Date : 2002
Puppetmasters written by Philip Willan and has been published by iUniverse this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Red Brigades categories.
The CIA has been accused of a massive intelligence failure in the run-up to the 9/11 attacks -- the result, it is said, of a moralistic and bureaucratic approach to information-gathering. But the CIA's spies had few qualms when it came to cultivating terrorist organisations and interfering in the internal politics of Cold War Italy. Puppetmasters reveals how US intelligence services exploited the P2 masonic lodge to prop up friendly Christian Democrat-dominated governments and counter the growing political influence of the Italian Communist Party. It was a ruthless strategy involving coup plots, right wing terrorist bombings and the manipulation of the Red Brigades. And it gave Italy one of the bloodiest and most protracted periods of terrorist violence ever seen in a modern, industrialised society.
Ending Terrorism In Italy
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Author : Anna Cento Bull
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-06-07
Ending Terrorism In Italy written by Anna Cento Bull and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-07 with Political Science categories.
Ending Terrorism in Italy analyses processes of disengagement from terrorism, as well as the connected issues of reconciliation, truth and justice. It examines in a critical and original way how terrorism came to an end in Italy (Part I), and the legacy it has left behind (Part II). The book interrogates a wide array of published memoirs and a considerable number of new face-to-face interviews with both former terrorists and first and second generation victims In the last two decades, and especially in recent years, former extreme-right terrorists in Italy have started to talk about their past involvement in terrorist violence, including, for the first time, acts of violence which have for decades been considered taboo, that is to say, bomb attacks against innocent civilians. These narratives add to the perspectives offered by members of left-wing terrorist groups, such as the Red Brigades and Prima Linea. Surprisingly, these narratives have not been systematically examined, yet they form a unique and extremely rich source of first-hand testimony, providing invaluable insights into processes of youth radicalization and de-radicalization, the social re-integration of ex-terrorists, as well as personal and collective healing. Even less attention has been paid to the victims’ narratives or stories. Indeed, the views and activities of the victims and their associations have been seriously neglected in the scholarly literature on terrorism, not just in Italy, but elsewhere in Europe. The book therefore examines the perspectives of the victims and relatives of victims of terrorism, who over the years have formed dedicated associations and campaigned relentlessly to obtain justice through the courts, with little or no support from the state and, especially in the case of the bombing massacres, with increasing awareness that the state played a role in thwarting the course of justice. Ending Terrorism in Italy will be of interest to historians, social scientists and policy makers as well as students of political violence and post-conflict resolution. .
The Rise And Fall Of Italian Terrorism
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Author : Leonard Weinberg
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2019-09-16
The Rise And Fall Of Italian Terrorism written by Leonard Weinberg and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-16 with Political Science categories.
Italian democracy may not be as fragile as many of its observers feared or imagined. It has lasted more than twice as long as the Fascist dictatorship that preceded it. Since the end of the Second World War, Italy's citizens and their political leaders have had to overcome massive problems of both state and society that their counterparts in more tranquil parts of Europe have not encountered. The particular problem to which this book is devoted is that of political terrorism. This book deals with a large-scale and protracted outbreak of domestic terrorism. It is concerned with terrorist violence in Italy committed by Italians against other Italians, the purpose of which was to influence the course of that country's political life.
Italy S Divided Memory
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Author : J. Foot
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2009-12-07
Italy S Divided Memory written by J. Foot and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-12-07 with History categories.
This book argues that contemporary Italian history has been marked by a tendency towards divided memory. Events have been interpreted in contrasting ways, and the facts themselves often contested. Moreover, with so little agreement over what happened, and why it happened, it has been extremely difficult to create any consensus around memory. These divisions have been seen at all levels, but take on particular importance when linked to the great traumatic and life-changing events of the Twentieth century - war, terrorism, disaster - but can also be applied to more cultural fields such as sport and everyday life. Social change also has an impact on memory. This book will take the form of a voyage through Italy (and into Italy's past), looking at stories of divided memory over various periods in the twentieth century. These stories will be interwoven with analysis and discussion.
On Terrorism And The State
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Author : Gianfranco Sanguinetti
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2013-12-31
On Terrorism And The State written by Gianfranco Sanguinetti and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-31 with History categories.
Translation of book by Gianfranco Sanguinetti, originally published in Italian in 1979 and in French in 1980.
The Strategy Of Tension In Italy
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Author : Juan Avilés
language : en
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
Release Date : 2021-11-08
The Strategy Of Tension In Italy written by Juan Avilés and has been published by Liverpool University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-08 with Political Science categories.
The third wave of terrorism in Europe has been the subject of numerous studies after David Rapoport's theoretical classification, especially as it relates to New Left/Marxist/Socialist activity. But one of its components has not hitherto been subject to scholarly investigation: the Italian neo-fascist terrorism that committed indiscriminate massacres as part of an alleged strategy of stoking political tension. There is evidence that members of the intelligence services and security forces contributed to cover-ups and indeed the neo-fascist murders that took place may have been aimed at creating an atmosphere favourable to a coup d'etat. While conspiracy theories abound there is little in-depth academic research on the circumstances despite the many sources available to researchers: court rulings, evidence gathered by various parliamentary commissions of enquiry and recently declassified official documents. Juan Avilés' comprehensive study of the neo-fascist killings, the coup plots, the cover-ups and the alleged but unproven involvement of US agents, the Stay Behind paramilitary structure and the P2 Masonic Lodge, draws a firm line of demarcation between the real conspiracies that took place in Italy and unfounded conspiracy theories. He offers an unparalleled interpretation of the alleged strategy of creating political tension based on all the available evidence. At the heart of the investigation is the threat to democracy and the way in which Italy was able to avoid the authoritarian drift to which many countries, from Greece to Chile, succumbed in those years. The lessons learned have far-reaching implications for all nations that subscribe to democratic values.