Theory Of Crystal Structure Analysis
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The Theory Of Crystal Structure Analysis
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Author : A. Kitaigorodskii
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
The Theory Of Crystal Structure Analysis written by A. Kitaigorodskii and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Structure analysis is based on the phenomena of the diffraction of radia tion by materials. In the first ten to twenty years after Laue's discovery, a very complete theory was developed for the diffraction of x-rays and, later, of electrons. This theory led to equations by means of which it was possible to compute the intensity pattern for a given structure. The theory of structure analysis came to mean that of the diffraction of radiation. In 1935, Patterson pointed out a way leading to the solution of the inverse problem: the finding of the structure from a given intensity distribution pattern. At first the conservatism of researchers, and then the war, hampered the de velopment and broad application of the ideas set forth in this work. It was only during the last ten years that all the rich possibilities of the Patterson method - the method of the analysis of the convolution of the electron density - were brought to light and applied in practice.
Crystal Structure Analysis For Chemists And Biologists
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Author : Jenny P. Glusker
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 1996-12-17
Crystal Structure Analysis For Chemists And Biologists written by Jenny P. Glusker and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-12-17 with Science categories.
The fields of structural chemistry and biochemistry have blossomed in the last seventy years since X-ray diffraction was discovered in 1912. Dorothy Hodgkin, who obtained a Nobel Prize in 1965 for her X-ray diffraction work wrote 'a great advantage of X-ray analysis as a method of chemical structure analysis is its power to show some totally unexpected and surprising structure with, at the same time, complete certainty.' The results of all X-ray diffraction studies are used by chemists and buiochemists but these scientists need to be able to appreciate the significance and extent to which these results may be used. A number of books written for practicing crystallographers cover the theory and applications of X-ray diffraction, but few are of real practical use to non-specialists. In 'Crystal Structure Analysis for Biologists and Chemists', the general principles of crystal structure are presented in a highly readable way. The book of Glusker, who is internationally renowned, provides good coverage of theory, including data and understanding their significance.
Crystal Structure Analysis
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Author : Alexander J Blake
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2009-06-18
Crystal Structure Analysis written by Alexander J Blake and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-06-18 with Science categories.
By choosing an approach that avoids undue emphasis on the mathematics involved, this book gives practical advice on topics such as growing crystals, solving and refining structures, and understanding and using the results.
Theory Of Crystal Structure Analysis
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Author : Aleksandr Isaakovich Kitaĭgorodskiĭ
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1961-03
Theory Of Crystal Structure Analysis written by Aleksandr Isaakovich Kitaĭgorodskiĭ and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1961-03 with Gardening categories.
Crystal Structure Determination
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Author : Werner Massa
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Crystal Structure Determination written by Werner Massa and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.
To solve a crystal structure means to determine the precise spatial arrangements of all of the atoms in a chemical compound in the crystalline state. This knowledge gives a chemist access to a large range of information, induding connectivity, conformation, and accurate bond lengths and angles. In addition, it implies the stoichiometry, the density, the symmetry and the three dimensional packing of the atoms in the solid. Since interatomic distances are in the region of 100-300 pm or 1-3 A, I microscopy using visible light ( wavelength Je ca. 300-700 nm) is not applicable (Fig. l. l). In 1912, Max von Laue showed that crystals are based on a three dimensional lattice which scatters radiation with a wavelength in the vicinity of interatomic distances, i. e. X -rays with Je = 50-300 pm. The process by wh ich this radiation, without changing its wave length, is converted through interference by the lattice to a vast number of observable "reflections" with characteristic directions in space is called X-ray diffraction. The method by which the directions and the intensities of these reflections are measured, and the ordering of the atoms in the crystal deduced from them, is called X -ray struc ture analysis. The following chapter deals with the lattice properties of crystals, the starting point for the explanation of these interference phenomena. Interatomic distances Crystals . . . . . . . . . .
Structure Of Materials
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Author : Marc De Graef
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2012-10-08
Structure Of Materials written by Marc De Graef and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-08 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This highly readable, popular textbook for upper undergraduates and graduates comprehensively covers the fundamentals of crystallography and symmetry, applying these concepts to a large range of materials. New to this edition are more streamlined coverage of crystallography, additional coverage of magnetic point group symmetry and updated material on extraterrestrial minerals and rocks. New exercises at the end of chapters, plus over 500 additional exercises available online, allow students to check their understanding of key concepts and put into practice what they have learnt. Over 400 illustrations within the text help students visualise crystal structures and more abstract mathematical objects, supporting more difficult topics like point group symmetries. Historical and biographical sections add colour and interest by giving an insight into those who have contributed significantly to the field. Supplementary online material includes password-protected solutions, over 100 crystal structure data files, and Powerpoints of figures from the book.
Symmetry Group Theory And The Physical Properties Of Crystals
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Author : Richard C Powell
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2010-12-01
Symmetry Group Theory And The Physical Properties Of Crystals written by Richard C Powell and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-12-01 with Science categories.
Complete with reference tables and sample problems, this volume serves as a textbook or reference for solid-state physics and chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Chapters illustrate symmetry, and its role in determining solid properties, as well as a demonstration of group theory.
Theories And Techniques Of Crystal Structure Determination
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Author : Uri Shmueli
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2007-06-07
Theories And Techniques Of Crystal Structure Determination written by Uri Shmueli and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06-07 with Science categories.
The book is a detailed but concise exposition of crystal structure determination at a graduate level. Discussions range from geometrical principles of crystallography, through relevant experimental methods, to techniques of reliable and accurate determination of crystal structures.
Structure Determination By X Ray Crystallography
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Author : M. Ladd
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Structure Determination By X Ray Crystallography written by M. Ladd and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Crystallography may be described as the science of the structure of materi als, using this word in its widest sense, and its ramifications are apparent over a broad front of current scientific endeavor. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that most universities offer some aspects of crystallography in their undergraduate courses in the physical sciences. It is the principal aim of this book to present an introduction to structure determination by X-ray crystal lography that is appropriate mainly to both final-year undergraduate studies in crystallography, chemistry, and chemical physics, and introductory post graduate work in this area of crystallography. We believe that the book will be of interest in other disciplines, such as physics, metallurgy, biochemistry, and geology, where crystallography has an important part to play. In the space of one book, it is not possible either to cover all aspects of crystallography or to treat all the subject matter completely rigorously. In particular, certain mathematical results are assumed in order that their applications may be discussed. At the end of each chapter, a short bibliog raphy is given, which may be used to extend the scope of the treatment given here. In addition, reference is made in the text to specific sources of information. We have chosen not to discuss experimental methods extensively, as we consider that this aspect of crystallography is best learned through practical experience, but an attempt has been made to simulate the interpretive side of experimental crystallography in both examples and exercises.
Theory And Practice Of Direct Methods In Crystallography
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Author : M. F. C. Ladd
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1980-01-31
Theory And Practice Of Direct Methods In Crystallography written by M. F. C. Ladd and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980-01-31 with Science categories.
Direct methods of crystal structure determination are usually associated with techniques in which phases for a set of structure factors are determined from the corresponding experimental amplitudes by probabilistic calcula tions. It is thus implied that such ab initio phase calculations do not require a knowledge of atomic positions, and this basis distinguishes direct methods from other techniques for structure determination. An acceptably wider interpretation of the term direct methods leads to other important applica tions involving, inter alia, the use of heavy atoms, resolution-limited phase data for large molecules, rotation functions, and Fourier series. These topics are discussed in the later chapters of this book. Although some earlier theoretical investigations were made by Harker and Kaspar, direct methods may be considered to have begun around the year 1950. Important landmarks in the development of the subject include the book by Hauptmann and Karle, The Centrosymmetric Crystal (1953), the definitive paper by Karle and Karle in Acta Crystallographica (1966), and the recent (1978) sophisticated program package MULTAN 78 produced mainly by Germain, Main, and Woolfson. Woolfson's book, Direct Methods in Crystallography, was published in 1961, but because of the rapid progress in direct methods, much of it soon became outmoded. It is interesting to note that direct methods nearly came into being many years earlier. Certainly the E2 relationship was used implicitly by Lonsdale in 1928 in determining the crystal structure of hexamethylbenzene.