Three Essays On Government Influence On Labor Markets
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Three Essays On Government Influence On Labor Markets
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Author : Sang Hyop Lee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Three Essays On Government Influence On Labor Markets written by Sang Hyop Lee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Fertility, Human categories.
Three Essays On Labor Markets Regulations And Immigration In Developing Economies
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Author : Nadwa Mossaad
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Three Essays On Labor Markets Regulations And Immigration In Developing Economies written by Nadwa Mossaad and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
In this dissertation I address issues related to labor markets, regulations and circular migration. In the first essay (with Tim Gindling and Juan Diego Trejos) we contribute to the literature of the impact of non-compliance on labor market outcomes in developing economies by evaluating the impact of the Campaña Nacional de Salarios Mínimos, designed by the Costa Rican government to increase compliance with minimum wages. Using a two-year panel data set of individuals we use a regression discontinuity approach and compare what happened to workers who before the Campaign had been earning below the minimum wage to those who had been earning above the minimum wage. We find that the Campaign led to an increase in compliance with minimum wages especially for women, younger, and less educated workers. We find no evidence that the Campaign had a negative impact on the employment of full-time workers.
Three Essays About Enforcement Labor Markets And Education
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Three Essays About Enforcement Labor Markets And Education written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Education categories.
This thesis analyzes how government enforcement contribute to the labor market and educational behavior in developing countries. The first chapter studies how informality responds to the quality of the labor enforcement and the bundle of benefits that the formal workers receive. Countries in Latin America with dierent levels of informality were compared, highlighting the features that could induce these dierent levels. In a general equilibrium framework, the government chooses a level of enforcement and a bundle of benefits maximizing the workers utility subject to a budget constraint. A representative firm chooses the share of workers in formality and informality that they want to hire, and the workers oer a share of time in formality and informality. The chapter concludes that dierences in the quality functions of government enforcement and benefits are found, as well as in the fines established to enforce the agents. The second chapter, co-authored with Gonzalo Salas, examines how the level of enforcement of the conditionalities of two Conditional Cash Transfer programs aects the ratios of high school students drop-out. We develop a structural discrete choice model in which the individuals who are above or below the participation threshold decide whether or not to attend school, participate in the labor market, or spend time on home production and/or leisure. The policy experiments show that if the level of enforcement is higher, individuals change study for leisure and work, but this last choice has a limit. Moreover, if the amount of transfer is reduced, the share of those who only study goes down and individuals work more. The third chapter examines how changes in the social security scheme aect the participation path of workers between formality and informality. Workers construct their decision paths in the labor market depending on the retirement program and their endowment of human capital. The strictness of the requirements lead to more formality but not enough to obtain a pension for all the educative levels. Finally, the extension of the compulsory active life leads to more formality and better pensions.
Three Essays On The Interaction Between Unions And Governments
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Author : Valeri Sorolla Amat
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992
Three Essays On The Interaction Between Unions And Governments written by Valeri Sorolla Amat and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with categories.
Three Essays On The Labor Market Effects Of Technological Change And Unemployment Benefits
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Author : Franziska Brall
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Three Essays On The Labor Market Effects Of Technological Change And Unemployment Benefits written by Franziska Brall and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
Labor Unions Corruption And Electric Vehicles
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Author : Jing Qian
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Labor Unions Corruption And Electric Vehicles written by Jing Qian and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Government intervention can lead to second-best economic outcomes when market failures occur. However, too much government intervention may result in lower social welfare. The first essay evaluates the welfare consequences of the regulation of labor markets. In the past five decades, there has been a trend of production base moving to the south instead of clustering in the union-heavy Midwest. Many foreign automakers operated their assembly plants in the southern right to work (RTW) states allowing them to hire non-union workers. However, due to the historical relationship between unions and the Big Three (Ford, General Motors, Chrysler), the Big Three have to pay higher labor costs wherever they produce. Through a hedonic analysis, we first demonstrate that unions increase automakers' manufacturing costs. We then set up and estimate a market equilibrium model to quantify the impacts of unions on prices, costs, and market shares. Counterfactual analysis shows that labor unions led to a $0.83 billion loss in consumer surplus, a $0.21 billion loss in firm profits, and a $0.2 billion gain in union workers, resulting in a $0.84 billion loss in social welfare. The second essay examines the welfare consequences of policies aimed at reducing environmental damage and energy consumption. China has become the world's largest market for electric vehicles (EVs) since 2015 and the government promotes the technology aggressively by providing large subsidies for EV buyers. The amount of subsidy is based on the driving range instead of the battery capacity as in the U.S. This paper evaluates the impacts of the subsidy program using detailed vehicle registration data in China from 2010 to 2015 and a household survey of vehicle ownership. I develop and estimate a market equilibrium model for China's automobile market in which the demand side consists of a random coefficient discrete choice model and the supply side characterizes automakers' pricing decisions under the government subsidy program. The estimation suggests that while the subsidy program in 2015 contributed to 94 percent of EV sales in large cities, the program favored small and low-quality EV models that consumers do not value and led to a $2.88 billion loss in social welfare. The hypothetical subsidy program based on the battery capacity would have led to a $0.62 billion increase in consumer surplus and a $0.2 billion increase in social welfare compared with the subsidy program. The third essay uses the recent anti-corruption campaign as a natural experiment to examine the effect of anti-corruption campaigns on economic activities. First, we propose a novel measure of anti-corruption intensity at the city level based on the percentage reductions in the city's revenue share of expensive restaurants after the issuance of Eight-Point Regulations on December 4, 2012. Second, using the city-level anti-corruption intensity measures, we investigate its relationship with economic activities, particularly, city-level GDP growth, number and size (measured by registered capital) of new firms registered in different industries, the exit rate of existing firms, existing firm revenue, and industry revenue. We find that the anti-corruption intensity index in a city is not correlated with the city's.
Three Essays On The Influence Of Formal Institutions On Entrepreneurship
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Author : Michael David Crum
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Three Essays On The Influence Of Formal Institutions On Entrepreneurship written by Michael David Crum and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Corporate culture categories.
This dissertation is composed of three essays in which I examine the influence of formal institutions on entrepreneurs and new firms. In the first essay, "The Influence of Institutions on the Likelihood of Self-Employment: A Multilevel Analysis" I examine how institutions at the country-level are related to the likelihood that individuals in those country are self-employed. Country-level measures of formal institutions are paired with individual-level data on self-employment from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Reynolds et al., 2005). Using the Fraser Institute's Economic Freedom of the World index and the Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom separately as measures of institutions, I find that sound money in a country is positively associated with individual self-employment with both indices. Property rights and trade freedom are positively related to self-employed using the Economic Freedom of the World index. In the second essay, "Labor Market Institutions and New Firm Employment Growth,'" I examine how state-level labor market characteristics such as minimum wages, union densities, and unemployment insurance premiums influence employment growth in new firms. I use firm-level data from the Kauffman Firm Survey (DesRoches, Robb, & Mulcahy, 2009), which contains data from several thousand new firms for years 2004-2008. Minimum wages, union densities, and unemployment insurance structure do not predict the level of employment in new firms in the manner hypothesized. In the third essay, "The Impact of Taxes and Regulations on New Firm Births and Deaths in State Border Counties" I examine how state-level measures of government size, taxation burdens, unionization levels, and minimum wages influence the birth and death rates of firms in counties located on state borders. Tabulations containing data on establishment births and deaths by U.S. County (Plummer & Headd, 2008) were merged with measures of government size, taxation burdens, union densities, and minimum wages. I find a negative relationship between the overall tax burden and the birth rate of new firms. However, unionization, minimum wages and government size are not related to the birth and death rates of firms in the manner hypothesized.
Employment And Family Leave Mandates
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Author : Samantha Schenck
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Employment And Family Leave Mandates written by Samantha Schenck and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Many American families have a difficult time balancing their obligations at work with their responsibilities at home. This is especially the case when a member of the family needs an increased level of care giving, for instance after the birth of a child or when a family member is seriously ill. Governments around the world have passed legislation to make these difficult times easier for workers by mandating that employers provide paid family leave to their employees. However the US federal government mandates only 12 weeks of job-protected leave through the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which only covers approximately 60% of US workers and is unpaid. The result is that US workers and families are often unable to take leave when they experience increased responsibilities at home. Proponents of expanding FMLA to include a wage replacement provision argue it would increase a worker's ability to stay home when there is an increase need for caregiving. It would also make the ability to take leave more equal across all workers. And while a number of political movements, on both the state and federal level, have sought to expand FMLA to include a paid provision, most have been unsuccessful due to the strong opposition it faces. Opponents argue that paid family leave mandates will place additional costs on employers, and therefore cause a decrease in employment and wages, especially for women who will be labeled as "risky" workers since they are more likely to take leave compared to their male counterparts. Up until recently it was impossible to test this "job killer" hypothesis, since no paid leave mandates existed in the US. However this changed in 2002 when California passed the first-of-its-kind paid maternity leave legislation. This provides us with a natural experiment to study how paid leave mandates would impact labor markets in the US, as well as study its impact on different family types. Chapter 2 uses establishment level employment data from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to study the impact California's policy has had on employment. Most model specifications revealed a positive and significant impact on CA employment, with the policy being correlated with an approximately 2% increase in establishment level employment. In other model specifications the law had a positive but insignificant effect. These findings would suggest that at worst CA's paid family leave mandate was a non-event for establishments in the state, and at best it had positive impact on employment. Chapter 3 examines how CA's policy impacted the wages of workers using data from the Current Population Survey. The analysis shows that the policy is correlated with a modest but positive increase in wages for all workers. It was also shown that women saw a more dramatic increase in their wages, which suggests that the policy has not lead to an increase in statistical discrimination as some opponents feared. Chapter 4 looks at the behavior of non-traditional households by analyzing the maternity leave behavior of women with different relationship statuses. Using both CPS data as well as NLSY97 data this analysis shows that new mothers in cohabiting household behave differently than their married counterparts when it comes to maternity leave, taking significantly shorter leaves and working more hours in the year of birth. The results suggest that their partner's income is not a significant factor in determining their incidence and length of leave. However having access to paid leave increases their willingness and ability to take leave.
Social Trust
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Author : Timothy C. Earle
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Social Trust written by Timothy C. Earle and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Confidence categories.
What Unions No Longer Do
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Author : Jake Rosenfeld
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2014-02-10
What Unions No Longer Do written by Jake Rosenfeld and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-02-10 with Social Science categories.
From workers' wages to presidential elections, labor unions once exerted tremendous clout in American life. In the immediate post-World War II era, one in three workers belonged to a union. The fraction now is close to one in five, and just one in ten in the private sector. The only thing big about Big Labor today is the scope of its problems. While many studies have explained the causes of this decline, What Unions No Longer Do shows the broad repercussions of labor's collapse for the American economy and polity. Organized labor was not just a minor player during the middle decades of the twentieth century, Jake Rosenfeld asserts. For generations it was the core institution fighting for economic and political equality in the United States. Unions leveraged their bargaining power to deliver benefits to workers while shaping cultural understandings of fairness in the workplace. What Unions No Longer Do details the consequences of labor's decline, including poorer working conditions, less economic assimilation for immigrants, and wage stagnation among African-Americans. In short, unions are no longer instrumental in combating inequality in our economy and our politics, resulting in a sharp decline in the prospects of American workers and their families.