Toxoplasma Gondii Host Interactions A Story Of Immune Attack And Parasite Counterattack
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Toxoplasma Gondii Host Interactions A Story Of Immune Attack And Parasite Counterattack
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Author : Jeroen P. J. Saeij
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2020-08-10
Toxoplasma Gondii Host Interactions A Story Of Immune Attack And Parasite Counterattack written by Jeroen P. J. Saeij and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-10 with categories.
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect all warm-blooded animals, including an estimated ~30% of humans. It can cause severe disease in immune-suppressed individuals and in fetuses as well as blinding chorioretinitis in adults and children. Toxoplasma-innate immune system interactions determine early parasite control and activation of the adaptive immune system by the host and are therefore critical in determining host survival during the acute phase of infection. However, induction of an exaggerated inflammatory response can also lead to pathology. Only the chronic tissue cyst form of Toxoplasma is orally infectious. It is therefore critical for the parasite’s survival during the chronic phase to escape immune responses at this stage as well. Toxoplasma exists as genetically divergent strains mostly depending on geography, with the most strain diversity being found in South America. The key to Toxoplasma’s successful co-option of the host are proteins secreted from its rhoptry and dense granule secretory organelles. Rhoptry proteins (ROPs) are secreted into the host cell cytoplasm upon invasion while dense granule proteins (GRAs) are secreted once the parasite establishes itself in its parasitophorous vacuole (PV). GRAs can localize to the PV, the PV membrane, or are secreted beyond the PVM into the host cytoplasm. Many ROPs and GRAs are involved in modulating host cell signaling pathways and evasion of host immune responses and play important roles in Toxoplasma virulence. Polymorphisms in Toxoplasma’s ROPs and GRAs, likely determine how well these effectors bind to the divergent substrates in different host species, which can explain Toxoplasma strain differences in virulence in a particular host species. By studying Toxoplasma we have not only started to unravel how the parasite modulates immune responses to enhance its survival, replication, and transmission but we have also learned a lot about the immune system. Many unique mechanisms of immunity have indeed been defined using Toxoplasma and this parasite has aided our understanding of tissue-specific immune responses in the brain and intestine. This Research Topic will give a comprehensive overview of Toxoplasma-host immune response interactions. Most Toxoplasma virulence determinants to date have been established in murine systems and it is unclear how the parasite interacts with other intermediate hosts and humans. In addition, the interactions of Toxoplasma with some of the most relevant cell types during infection, including dendritic cells, neurons, intestinal epithelial cells or vascular endothelial cells, remain poorly understood.
Immunopathology In Toxicology And Drug Development
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Author : George A. Parker
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-03-28
Immunopathology In Toxicology And Drug Development written by George A. Parker and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-28 with Medical categories.
This book provides a fundamental understanding of immunopathology and immunopathologic processes, with particular attention to nonclinical toxicology studies. Chapters provide an overview of general immunobiology, cells of the immune system, signaling and effector molecules, and immunopathology assays. A companion volume, Immunopathology in Toxicology and Drug Development: Volume 2, Organ Systems, offers summaries of organ-specific immunobiology and immunopathology as well as common responses to xenobiotics. These informative and strategic books were created in response to the large segment of drug development that focuses on chronic diseases, many of which involve alterations to the immune system. Therapies that target these diseases commonly involve some form of immunomodulation. As a result, the two volumes of Immunopathology in Toxicology and Drug Development are critical texts for individuals involved in diverse aspects of drug development. Readers will acquire a thorough understanding of immunopathology for detection and accurate interpretation of pathologic effects of xenobiotics on the immune system.
Parasitology
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Author : Eric Loker
language : en
Publisher: Garland Science
Release Date : 2015-03-02
Parasitology written by Eric Loker and has been published by Garland Science this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-02 with Medical categories.
Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach focuses on the conceptual basis of parasitology, with the goal of providing students with an enriched view of parasites and their biology. Concentrating on concepts will enable readers to gain a broader perspective that will increase their ability to think critically about all kinds of parasitic associations. The interfaces between the study of parasitism and prominent biological disciplines such as biodiversity, immunology, ecology, evolution, conservation biology, and disease control are highlighted. Studying individual parasites is an essential part of parasitology so Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach contains an appendix which provides a concise overview of the biology of important human and veterinary parasites. End-of-chapter questions are provided, as is an instructor manual.
Immunologic Signatures Of Rejection
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Author : Francesco M. Marincola
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-11-03
Immunologic Signatures Of Rejection written by Francesco M. Marincola and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-03 with Medical categories.
This book discusses the mechanisms leading to immune-mediated tissue rejection following the hypothesis that independent of the disease process the final effector mechanism is shared by most (but not all) pathologies and it is relatively simple. The book covers evidence gathered to support the thesis by studies performed in humans during rejection or in experimental models and will focus particularly (but not exclusively) on the analysis of the rejected tissue rather than the systemic circulation. Several disease processes are discussed including example of chronic inflammatory process without resolution of the pathologic process and acute one with resolution of the pathologic process (clearance of pathogen, rejection of tumor) or unwanted tissue destruction (allograft rejection, autoimmunity).
The Xavante In Transition
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Author : Carlos E. A. Coimbra
language : en
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
Release Date : 2004-03-25
The Xavante In Transition written by Carlos E. A. Coimbra and has been published by University of Michigan Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-03-25 with History categories.
DIVIlluminates the experience of a small-scale culture with large-scale change /div
Tryptophan Serotonin And Melatonin
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Author : Gerald Huether
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Tryptophan Serotonin And Melatonin written by Gerald Huether and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
This volume contains the proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the "International Study Group for Tryptophan Research" (lSTRY), held at the University of Hamburg, Germany, from October 10 to 14, 1998. At this meeting the recent developments in the field of tryptophan research were presented by leading researchers from all over the world in 81 oral and 48 poster contri butions. Research on tryptophan and its derivatives provides an inexhaustible subject. At the conference we tried to compose a multifacetted picture of the recent investiga tions through contributions from the major disciplines involved. Thus, we tried to strike a balance between basic research topics and clinical, nutritional or industrial applica tions. We offered workshops on tryptophan (in sleep and mood), melatonjn, IDO-acti vation and the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) as a platform for intensive discussion for the participants. In these proceedings many contributions are multidisciplinary and have practical or theoretical implications for different research fields. Hence, we have organized this volume in nine main chapters according to basic disciplines and subjects. We are aware that this classification is artificial, but we hope that it is the best compromise for contributors and readers.
Abnormal Psychology And Modern Life
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Author : Robert C. Carson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995-10
Abnormal Psychology And Modern Life written by Robert C. Carson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-10 with categories.
Playbooks And Checkbooks
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Author : Stefan Szymanski
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2020-05-26
Playbooks And Checkbooks written by Stefan Szymanski and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-26 with Business & Economics categories.
"What economic rules govern sports? How does the sports business differ from other businesses? [This book examines] the fundamental economic relationships shaping modern sports. Focusing on the ways that the sports business does and does not overlap with economics, the book uncovers the core paradox at the heart of the sports industry. Unlike other businesses, the sports industry would not survive if competitors obliterated each other to extinction, financially or otherwise--without rivals there is nothing to sell. Playbooks and Checkbooks examines how this unique economic truth plays out in the sports world, both on and off the field"--Publisher marketing.
Aging
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Author : Robert E. Ricklefs
language : en
Publisher: Times Books
Release Date : 1995
Aging written by Robert E. Ricklefs and has been published by Times Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Aging categories.
The process of aging is familiar to, and usually dreaded by, all of us. We all know what it feels like to grow older, but what exactly is aging, why does it happen, and can anything be done to slow or prevent it? An original treatment of human aging that draws on biomedical research and the natural history of animals and plants, Aging: A Natural History describes this biological phenomenon in fascinating detail, helping the reader to understand its complex processes. In the aging patterns of humans and many other species, biologists Robert E. Ricklefs and Caleb E. Finch find some answers to why aging must exist at all, and why it is so spectacularly different in different species. The authors ask a variety of compelling questions: How can processes that lead to death be such an integral part of life itself? Why do some species tend to die at an early age when close relatives may live much longer? Why do many species age, when others seem not to? And, perhaps most importantly, why is aging, which is so detrimental to the individual, maintained by natural selection? Finally, the authors consider the prospects for prolonging human life and improving the quality of life at older ages. Concluding that aging is induced both by environmental factors and by the biochemical processes normally present in all cells, they show aging to be an inevitable yet alterable part of life - a natural process that may limit activity but is not necessarily debilitating.
Animal Parasitism
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Author : Clark P. Read
language : en
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Release Date : 1972
Animal Parasitism written by Clark P. Read and has been published by Prentice Hall this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1972 with Medical categories.