Types And Tokens
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Types And Tokens
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Author : Linda Wetzel
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2009-07-31
Types And Tokens written by Linda Wetzel and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-31 with Philosophy categories.
A consideration of the distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances, and an argument that types exist. There is a widely recognized but infrequently discussed distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances. Words come in both types and tokens—for example, there is only one word type 'the' but there are numerous tokens of it on this page—as do symphonies, bears, chess games, and many other types of things. In this book, Linda Wetzel examines the distinction between types and tokens and argues that types exist (as abstract objects, since they lack a unique spatiotemporal location). Wetzel demonstrates the ubiquity of references to (and quantifications over) types in science and ordinary language; types have to be reckoned with, and cannot simply be swept under the rug. Wetzel argues that there are such things as types by undermining the epistemological arguments against abstract objects and offering extended original arguments demonstrating the failure of nominalistic attempts to paraphrase away such references to (and quantifications over) types. She then focuses on the relation between types and their tokens, especially for words, showing for the first time that there is nothing that all tokens of a type need have in common other than being tokens of that type. Finally, she considers an often-overlooked problem for realism having to do with types occurring in other types (such as words in a sentence) and proposes an important and original solution, extending her discussion from words and expressions to other types that structurally involve other types (flags and stars and stripes; molecules and atoms; sonatas and notes).
Tokens Of Exchange
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Author : Lydia H. Liu
language : en
Publisher: Duke University Press
Release Date : 1999
Tokens Of Exchange written by Lydia H. Liu and has been published by Duke University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Theorizes the role of translation in the circulation of ideas and meanings in a global economy through a number of China-related case studies.
Perspectives On Semantics Pragmatics And Discourse
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Author : Ferenc Kiefer
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 2001-01-01
Perspectives On Semantics Pragmatics And Discourse written by Ferenc Kiefer and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-01-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Professor Ferenc Kiefer of the Linguistics Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was instrumental in bringing early transformational grammar to Europe. His extensive work contributes substantially to making a connection between the grammatical theory and other areas of linguistics. The 17 essays in this book celebrate his career by continuing to explore inter-area research in linguistics: pragmatics in grammar (de Groot, van Riemsdijk, Dressler & Barbaresi, Comrie), semantic compositionality and pragmatics (Wunderlich, Partee, Borschev, Szabo, Bach), logical structures and universals in semantics and pragmatics (van der Auwera, Bultinck, Burton-Roberts, Harnish, Wierzbicka) dialogue and thematic structure (Jonasson, Doherty, Hajicova, Panevova, Sgall, Allwood, Fraser).
When Listeners Talk
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Author : Rod Gardner
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 2001-01-01
When Listeners Talk written by Rod Gardner and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-01-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Listeners are usually considered recipients in conversational interaction, whose main activity is to take in messages from other speakers. In this view, the listening activity is separate from speaking. Another view is that listeners and speakers are equal co-participants in conversations who construct the talk together. In support of this latter view, one finds a group of vocalisations which are quintessentially listener talk little conversational objects such as uh-huh, oh, mm, yeah, right and mm-hm. These utterances do not have meanings in a conventional dictionary sense, but are nevertheless loaded with complex and subtle information about the stance listeners take to what they are hearing, information that is gleaned not only from their phonetic form, but also from their complex prosodic shape and their placement and timing within the flow of talk. This book summarises eight of these objects, and explores one, mm, in depth.
Understanding Institutions
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Author : Francesco Guala
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2016-07-12
Understanding Institutions written by Francesco Guala and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-12 with Philosophy categories.
A groundbreaking new synthesis and theory of social institutions Understanding Institutions proposes a new unified theory of social institutions that combines the best insights of philosophers and social scientists who have written on this topic. Francesco Guala presents a theory that combines the features of three influential views of institutions: as equilibria of strategic games, as regulative rules, and as constitutive rules. Guala explains key institutions like money, private property, and marriage, and develops a much-needed unification of equilibrium- and rules-based approaches. Although he uses game theory concepts, the theory is presented in a simple, clear style that is accessible to a wide audience of scholars working in different fields. Outlining and discussing various implications of the unified theory, Guala addresses venerable issues such as reflexivity, realism, Verstehen, and fallibilism in the social sciences. He also critically analyses the theory of "looping effects" and "interactive kinds" defended by Ian Hacking, and asks whether it is possible to draw a demarcation between social and natural science using the criteria of causal and ontological dependence. Focusing on current debates about the definition of marriage, Guala shows how these abstract philosophical issues have important practical and political consequences. Moving beyond specific cases to general models and principles, Understanding Institutions offers new perspectives on what institutions are, how they work, and what they can do for us.
Statistics In Corpus Linguistics
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Author : Vaclav Brezina
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2018-09-20
Statistics In Corpus Linguistics written by Vaclav Brezina and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-20 with Foreign Language Study categories.
A comprehensive and accessible introduction to statistics in corpus linguistics, covering multiple techniques of quantitative language analysis and data visualisation.
An Ontology Of Art
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Author : Gregory Currie
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1989-07-03
An Ontology Of Art written by Gregory Currie and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-07-03 with Art categories.
Language Science And Structure
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Author : Ryan M. Nefdt
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2023
Language Science And Structure written by Ryan M. Nefdt and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with Computers categories.
This work provides a new framework for understanding some of the most profound theories of human language. Ryan M. Nefdt touches on philosophical questions of what languages are, how they evolved and what the science of language should be. He takes insights and results from the natural and formal sciences and translates them into a new domain. His book offers the reader new ways of appreciating how the most unique of human traits--our ability to process and produce natural language--has been and can be studied from a scientific point of view.
The Acquisition Of Verbs And Their Grammar
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Author : Natalia Gagarina
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2006-03-29
The Acquisition Of Verbs And Their Grammar written by Natalia Gagarina and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-03-29 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This volume investigates the linguistic development of children with regard to their knowledge of the verb and its grammar. The selection of papers brings to researchers and in particular psycholinguists empirical evidence from a wide variety of languages from Hebrew, through English to Estonian. The authors interpret their findings with a focus on cross-linguistic similarities and differences, without subscribing to either a UG-based or usage-based approach.
Theories Of Informetrics And Scholarly Communication
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Author : Cassidy R. Sugimoto
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Release Date : 2016-02-22
Theories Of Informetrics And Scholarly Communication written by Cassidy R. Sugimoto and has been published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-22 with Social Science categories.
Scientometrics have become an essential element in the practice and evaluation of science and research, including both the evaluation of individuals and national assessment exercises. Yet, researchers and practitioners in this field have lacked clear theories to guide their work. As early as 1981, then doctoral student Blaise Cronin published "The need for a theory of citing" —a call to arms for the fledgling scientometric community to produce foundational theories upon which the work of the field could be based. More than three decades later, the time has come to reach out the field again and ask how they have responded to this call. This book compiles the foundational theories that guide informetrics and scholarly communication research. It is a much needed compilation by leading scholars in the field that gathers together the theories that guide our understanding of authorship, citing, and impact.