Types And Tokens
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Types And Tokens
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Author : Linda Wetzel
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2009-07-31
Types And Tokens written by Linda Wetzel and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-31 with Philosophy categories.
A consideration of the distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances, and an argument that types exist. There is a widely recognized but infrequently discussed distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances. Words come in both types and tokens—for example, there is only one word type 'the' but there are numerous tokens of it on this page—as do symphonies, bears, chess games, and many other types of things. In this book, Linda Wetzel examines the distinction between types and tokens and argues that types exist (as abstract objects, since they lack a unique spatiotemporal location). Wetzel demonstrates the ubiquity of references to (and quantifications over) types in science and ordinary language; types have to be reckoned with, and cannot simply be swept under the rug. Wetzel argues that there are such things as types by undermining the epistemological arguments against abstract objects and offering extended original arguments demonstrating the failure of nominalistic attempts to paraphrase away such references to (and quantifications over) types. She then focuses on the relation between types and their tokens, especially for words, showing for the first time that there is nothing that all tokens of a type need have in common other than being tokens of that type. Finally, she considers an often-overlooked problem for realism having to do with types occurring in other types (such as words in a sentence) and proposes an important and original solution, extending her discussion from words and expressions to other types that structurally involve other types (flags and stars and stripes; molecules and atoms; sonatas and notes).
Type Token Ratios
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Author : Jorn Piontek
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2011-03
Type Token Ratios written by Jorn Piontek and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-03 with categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Speech Science / Linguistics, University of Münster (Englisches Seminar), course: Computational Text Analysis, language: English, abstract: In this paper I will show how it is possible to compute the type/token ratio of a text by using the programming language Perl. First of all an overview about the topic will be given, including the definition of both the terms type and token and how they are used in the context of this program. Then I will explain how the program works and give further rationale for its shortcomings. Although the program is rather simple, some knowledge of the programming language Perl will be needed for the respective parts in this paper. Then I will proceed to do a short analysis of different texts and their respective type/token ratios. These texts were taken from the British National Corpus and Project Gutenberg. The results will show the need for a different measure of lexical density. One example of such a measure is the mean type/token ratio which I will go into shortly. In the Conclusion there will be a short critique of the expressiveness of type/token ratios as well as a short overview about current research on this topic.
Mean Type Token Ratios
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Author : Jörn Piontek
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2011-03-15
Mean Type Token Ratios written by Jörn Piontek and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-03-15 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Speech Science / Linguistics, University of Münster (Englisches Seminar), course: Computational Text Analysis, language: English, abstract: In this paper I will show how it is possible to compute the type/token ratio of a text by using the programming language Perl. First of all an overview about the topic will be given, including the definition of both the terms type and token and how they are used in the context of this program. Then I will explain how the program works and give further rationale for its shortcomings. Although the program is rather simple, some knowledge of the programming language Perl will be needed for the respective parts in this paper. Then I will proceed to do a short analysis of different texts and their respective type/token ratios. These texts were taken from the British National Corpus and Project Gutenberg. The results will show the need for a different measure of lexical density. One example of such a measure is the mean type/token ratio which I will go into shortly. In the Conclusion there will be a short critique of the expressiveness of type/token ratios as well as a short overview about current research on this topic.
Sign System And Function
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Author : Jerzy Pelc
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Release Date : 2020-02-10
Sign System And Function written by Jerzy Pelc and has been published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-10 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
No detailed description available for "Sign, System and Function".
Quick Guide For Creating Selling And Buying Non Fungible Tokens Nfts
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Author : Dr. Hidaia Mahmood Alassouli
language : en
Publisher: Dr. Hidaia Mahmood Alassouli
Release Date : 2022-01-30
Quick Guide For Creating Selling And Buying Non Fungible Tokens Nfts written by Dr. Hidaia Mahmood Alassouli and has been published by Dr. Hidaia Mahmood Alassouli this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-01-30 with Business & Economics categories.
An NFT (non-fungible “non-interchangeable”) token simply represents ownership of an asset. Before choosing an NFT marketplace, you'll first want to decide the kind of digital asset you're interested in buying, selling, or creating. Just about anything digital -- the written word, videos, video games, art, collectors’ items, etc. -- can be tokenized on a blockchain. Another consideration is the type of tokens supported on a marketplace. NFT marketplaces are your path to start investing in digital assets, collectibles, and art, but there are lots of options out there. Be sure to choose one that suits your buying and storage needs based on the type of NFT you're after and the crypto you're interested in using for transactions. This is a new industry and is highly speculative. The value of digital art and collectibles works much the same as physical art and collectibles: Value is subjective and determined by factors such as uniqueness and the reputation of the artist who made it. I know what you're thinking, why would anyone pay hundreds of thousands of dollars for a photo or video when they can only upload it? But it's just like real art, the copy of the photo is not the original! NFT is different because you get ownership of that piece of art when you buy it, otherwise you might be violating some copyright laws. Opensea.io is the most common online marketplace for non-fungible tokens. The report includes the following parts: 1.What is NFT?? 2. Can’t just upload the digital assets instead of buying them on NFT??? 3. Some NFT marketplaces. 4. Using Opensea.io to sell and buy NFT assets. 5. Creating and minting NFT assets in OpenSea.io. 6. How to create and sell NFT on Binance NFT Marketplace. 7. How to create and sell NFT on Gate.io NFT Marketplace. 8. How to create and sell NFT on FTX.US NFT Marketplace. 9. Example on selling NFT assets on OpeanSea.io. 10. References.
An Introduction To Word Grammar
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Author : Richard Hudson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2010-07-29
An Introduction To Word Grammar written by Richard Hudson and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-07-29 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Word grammar is a theory of language structure and is based on the assumption that language, and indeed the whole of knowledge, is a network, and that virtually all of knowledge is learned. It combines the psychological insights of cognitive linguistics with the rigour of more formal theories. This textbook spans a broad range of topics from prototypes, activation and default inheritance to the details of syntactic, morphological and semantic structure. It introduces elementary ideas from cognitive science and uses them to explain the structure of language including a survey of English grammar.
When Listeners Talk
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Author : Rod Gardner
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 2001-01-01
When Listeners Talk written by Rod Gardner and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-01-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Listeners are usually considered recipients in conversational interaction, whose main activity is to take in messages from other speakers. In this view, the listening activity is separate from speaking. Another view is that listeners and speakers are equal co-participants in conversations who construct the talk together. In support of this latter view, one finds a group of vocalisations which are quintessentially listener talk little conversational objects such as uh-huh, oh, mm, yeah, right and mm-hm. These utterances do not have meanings in a conventional dictionary sense, but are nevertheless loaded with complex and subtle information about the stance listeners take to what they are hearing, information that is gleaned not only from their phonetic form, but also from their complex prosodic shape and their placement and timing within the flow of talk. This book summarises eight of these objects, and explores one, mm, in depth.
The Species Problem
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Author : David N. Stamos
language : en
Publisher: Lexington Books
Release Date : 2003
The Species Problem written by David N. Stamos and has been published by Lexington Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Philosophy categories.
In this provocative work, David N. Stamos tackles the problem of determining exactly what a biological species is: in short, whether species are real and the nature of their reality. Although many have written on this topic, The Species Problem is the only comprehensive single-authored book on this central concern of biology. Stamos critically considers the evolution of the three major contemporary views of species: species nominalism, species as classes, and species as individuals. Finally, he develops his own solution to the species problem, a solution aimed at providing a universal species concept worthy of the Modern Synthesis. This book will be of interest to philosophers of biology and of science in general, to historians of biology, and to biologists concerned with one of the most significant (and practical) conceptual issues in their field.
Thin Objects
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Author : Øystein Linnebo
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018
Thin Objects written by Øystein Linnebo and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Abstraction categories.
Mathematics appears to be concerned with abstract objects such as numbers and sets. What are these objects? Oystein Linnebo develops a distinctive approach to ontology, in which abstract objects such as numbers and sets are demystified and allowed to exist alongside more familiar physical objects.
New Trends In Language Acquisition Within The Generative Perspective
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Author : Pedro Guijarro-Fuentes
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-01-17
New Trends In Language Acquisition Within The Generative Perspective written by Pedro Guijarro-Fuentes and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-01-17 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book presents a comprehensive, state-of-the-art treatment of the acquisition of Indo- and Non-Indo-European languages in various contexts, such as L1, L2, L3/Ln, bi/multilingual, heritage languages, pathology as well as language impairment, and sign language acquisition. The book explores a broad mix of methodologies and issues in contemporary research. The text presents original research from several different perspectives, and provides a basis for dialogue between researchers working on diverse projects with the aim of furthering our understanding of how languages are acquired. The book proposes and refines new theoretical constructs, e.g. regarding the complexity of linguistic features as a relevant factor forming children’s, adults’ and bilingual individuals’ acquisition of morphological, syntactic, discursive, pragmatic, lexical and phonological structures. It appeals to students, researchers, and professionals in the field.