Understanding Natural Language Understanding
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Integration Of World Knowledge For Natural Language Understanding
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Author : Ekaterina Ovchinnikova
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-02-15
Integration Of World Knowledge For Natural Language Understanding written by Ekaterina Ovchinnikova and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-02-15 with Computers categories.
This book concerns non-linguistic knowledge required to perform computational natural language understanding (NLU). The main objective of the book is to show that inference-based NLU has the potential for practical large scale applications. First, an introduction to research areas relevant for NLU is given. We review approaches to linguistic meaning, explore knowledge resources, describe semantic parsers, and compare two main forms of inference: deduction and abduction. In the main part of the book, we propose an integrative knowledge base combining lexical-semantic, ontological, and distributional knowledge. A particular attention is payed to ensuring its consistency. We then design a reasoning procedure able to make use of the large scale knowledge base. We experiment both with a deduction-based NLU system and with an abductive reasoner. For evaluation, we use three different NLU tasks: recognizing textual entailment, semantic role labeling, and interpretation of noun dependencies.
Understanding Natural Language Understanding
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Author : Erik Cambria
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2024-10-22
Understanding Natural Language Understanding written by Erik Cambria and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-10-22 with Computers categories.
About half a century ago, AI pioneers like Marvin Minsky embarked on the ambitious project of emulating how the human mind encodes and decodes meaning. While today we have a better understanding of the brain thanks to neuroscience, we are still far from unlocking the secrets of the mind, especially when it comes to language, the prime example of human intelligence. “Understanding natural language understanding”, i.e., understanding how the mind encodes and decodes meaning through language, is a significant milestone in our journey towards creating machines that genuinely comprehend human language. Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 have astounded us with their ability to generate coherent, contextually relevant text, seemingly bridging the gap between human and machine communication. Yet, despite their impressive capabilities, these models operate on statistical patterns rather than true comprehension. This textbook delves into the nuanced differences between these two paradigms and explores the future of AI as we strive to achieve true natural language understanding (NLU). LLMs excel at identifying and replicating patterns within vast datasets, producing responses that appear intelligent and meaningful. They can generate text that mimics human writing styles, provide summaries of complex documents, and even engage in extended dialogues with users. However, their limitations become evident when they encounter tasks that require deeper understanding, reasoning, and contextual knowledge. An NLU system that deconstructs meaning leveraging linguistics and semiotics (on top of statistical analysis) represents a more profound level of language comprehension. It involves understanding context in a manner similar to human cognition, discerning subtle meanings, implications, and nuances that current LLMs might miss or misinterpret. NLU grasps the semantics behind words and sentences, comprehending synonyms, metaphors, idioms, and abstract concepts with precision. This textbook explores the current state of LLMs, their capabilities and limitations, and contrasts them with the aspirational goals of NLU. The author delves into the technical foundations required for achieving true NLU, including advanced knowledge representation, hybrid AI systems, and neurosymbolic integration, while also examining the ethical implications and societal impacts of developing AI systems that genuinely understand human language. Containing exercises, a final assignment and a comprehensive quiz, the textbook is meant as a reference for courses on information retrieval, AI, NLP, data analytics, data mining and more.
Natural Language Understanding With Python
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Author : Deborah A. Dahl
language : en
Publisher: Packt Publishing Ltd
Release Date : 2023-06-30
Natural Language Understanding With Python written by Deborah A. Dahl and has been published by Packt Publishing Ltd this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-30 with Computers categories.
Build advanced NLU systems by utilizing NLP libraries such as NLTK, SpaCy, BERT, and OpenAI; ML libraries like Keras, scikit-learn, pandas, TensorFlow, and NumPy, along with visualization libraries such as Matplotlib and Seaborn. Purchase of the print Kindle book includes a free PDF eBook Key Features Master NLU concepts from basic text processing to advanced deep learning techniques Explore practical NLU applications like chatbots, sentiment analysis, and language translation Gain a deeper understanding of large language models like ChatGPT Book DescriptionNatural Language Understanding facilitates the organization and structuring of language allowing computer systems to effectively process textual information for various practical applications. Natural Language Understanding with Python will help you explore practical techniques for harnessing NLU to create diverse applications. with step-by-step explanations of essential concepts and practical examples, you’ll begin by learning about NLU and its applications. You’ll then explore a wide range of current NLU techniques and their most appropriate use-case. In the process, you’ll be introduced to the most useful Python NLU libraries. Not only will you learn the basics of NLU, you’ll also discover practical issues such as acquiring data, evaluating systems, and deploying NLU applications along with their solutions. The book is a comprehensive guide that’ll help you explore techniques and resources that can be used for different applications in the future. By the end of this book, you’ll be well-versed with the concepts of natural language understanding, deep learning, and large language models (LLMs) for building various AI-based applications.What you will learn Explore the uses and applications of different NLP techniques Understand practical data acquisition and system evaluation workflows Build cutting-edge and practical NLP applications to solve problems Master NLP development from selecting an application to deployment Optimize NLP application maintenance after deployment Build a strong foundation in neural networks and deep learning for NLU Who this book is for This book is for python developers, computational linguists, linguists, data scientists, NLP developers, conversational AI developers, and students looking to learn about natural language understanding (NLU) and applying natural language processing (NLP) technology to real problems. Anyone interested in addressing natural language problems will find this book useful. Working knowledge in Python is a must.
Natural Language Understanding
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Author : James Allen
language : en
Publisher: Pearson
Release Date : 1995
Natural Language Understanding written by James Allen and has been published by Pearson this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Computers categories.
This long-awaited revision offers a comprehensive introduction to natural language understanding with developments and research in the field today. Building on the effective framework of the first edition, the new edition gives the same balanced coverage of syntax, semantics, and discourse, and offers a uniform framework based on feature-based context-free grammars and chart parsers used for syntactic and semantic processing. Thorough treatment of issues in discourse and context-dependent interpretation is also provided. In addition, this title offers coverage of two entirely new subject areas. First, the text features a new chapter on statistically-based methods using large corpora. Second, it includes an appendix on speech recognition and spoken language understanding. Also, the information on semantics that was covered in the first edition has been largely expanded in this edition to include an emphasis on compositional interpretation. 0805303340B04062001
Naive Semantics For Natural Language Understanding
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Author : Kathleen Dahlgren
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Naive Semantics For Natural Language Understanding written by Kathleen Dahlgren and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Computers categories.
This book introduces a theory, Naive Semantics (NS), a theory of the knowledge underlying natural language understanding. The basic assumption of NS is that knowing what a word means is not very different from knowing anything else, so that there is no difference in form of cognitive representation between lexical semantics and ency clopedic knowledge. NS represents word meanings as commonsense knowledge, and builds no special representation language (other than elements of first-order logic). The idea of teaching computers common sense knowledge originated with McCarthy and Hayes (1969), and has been extended by a number of researchers (Hobbs and Moore, 1985, Lenat et aI, 1986). Commonsense knowledge is a set of naive beliefs, at times vague and inaccurate, about the way the world is structured. Traditionally, word meanings have been viewed as criterial, as giving truth conditions for membership in the classes words name. The theory of NS, in identifying word meanings with commonsense knowledge, sees word meanings as typical descriptions of classes of objects, rather than as criterial descriptions. Therefore, reasoning with NS represen tations is probabilistic rather than monotonic. This book is divided into two parts. Part I elaborates the theory of Naive Semantics. Chapter 1 illustrates and justifies the theory. Chapter 2 details the representation of nouns in the theory, and Chapter 4 the verbs, originally published as "Commonsense Reasoning with Verbs" (McDowell and Dahlgren, 1987). Chapter 3 describes kind types, which are naive constraints on noun representations.
Natural Language Processing In Action
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Author : Hannes Hapke
language : en
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
Release Date : 2019-03-16
Natural Language Processing In Action written by Hannes Hapke and has been published by Simon and Schuster this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-16 with Computers categories.
Summary Natural Language Processing in Action is your guide to creating machines that understand human language using the power of Python with its ecosystem of packages dedicated to NLP and AI. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology Recent advances in deep learning empower applications to understand text and speech with extreme accuracy. The result? Chatbots that can imitate real people, meaningful resume-to-job matches, superb predictive search, and automatically generated document summaries—all at a low cost. New techniques, along with accessible tools like Keras and TensorFlow, make professional-quality NLP easier than ever before. About the Book Natural Language Processing in Action is your guide to building machines that can read and interpret human language. In it, you'll use readily available Python packages to capture the meaning in text and react accordingly. The book expands traditional NLP approaches to include neural networks, modern deep learning algorithms, and generative techniques as you tackle real-world problems like extracting dates and names, composing text, and answering free-form questions. What's inside Some sentences in this book were written by NLP! Can you guess which ones? Working with Keras, TensorFlow, gensim, and scikit-learn Rule-based and data-based NLP Scalable pipelines About the Reader This book requires a basic understanding of deep learning and intermediate Python skills. About the Author Hobson Lane, Cole Howard, and Hannes Max Hapke are experienced NLP engineers who use these techniques in production. Table of Contents PART 1 - WORDY MACHINES Packets of thought (NLP overview) Build your vocabulary (word tokenization) Math with words (TF-IDF vectors) Finding meaning in word counts (semantic analysis) PART 2 - DEEPER LEARNING (NEURAL NETWORKS) Baby steps with neural networks (perceptrons and backpropagation) Reasoning with word vectors (Word2vec) Getting words in order with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) Loopy (recurrent) neural networks (RNNs) Improving retention with long short-term memory networks Sequence-to-sequence models and attention PART 3 - GETTING REAL (REAL-WORLD NLP CHALLENGES) Information extraction (named entity extraction and question answering) Getting chatty (dialog engines) Scaling up (optimization, parallelization, and batch processing)
Speech And Language Processing
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Author : Daniel Jurafsky
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2000-01
Speech And Language Processing written by Daniel Jurafsky and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-01 with Automatic speech recognition categories.
This book takes an empirical approach to language processing, based on applying statistical and other machine-learning algorithms to large corpora.Methodology boxes are included in each chapter. Each chapter is built around one or more worked examples to demonstrate the main idea of the chapter. Covers the fundamental algorithms of various fields, whether originally proposed for spoken or written language to demonstrate how the same algorithm can be used for speech recognition and word-sense disambiguation. Emphasis on web and other practical applications. Emphasis on scientific evaluation. Useful as a reference for professionals in any of the areas of speech and language processing.
Natural Language Understanding In A Semantic Web Context
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Author : Caroline Barrière
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-11-24
Natural Language Understanding In A Semantic Web Context written by Caroline Barrière and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-24 with Computers categories.
This book serves as a starting point for Semantic Web (SW) students and researchers interested in discovering what Natural Language Processing (NLP) has to offer. NLP can effectively help uncover the large portions of data held as unstructured text in natural language, thus augmenting the real content of the Semantic Web in a significant and lasting way. The book covers the basics of NLP, with a focus on Natural Language Understanding (NLU), referring to semantic processing, information extraction and knowledge acquisition, which are seen as the key links between the SW and NLP communities. Major emphasis is placed on mining sentences in search of entities and relations. In the course of this “quest", challenges will be encountered for various text analysis tasks, including part-of-speech tagging, parsing, semantic disambiguation, named entity recognition and relation extraction. Standard algorithms associated with these tasks are presented to provide an understanding of the fundamental concepts. Furthermore, the importance of experimental design and result analysis is emphasized, and accordingly, most chapters include small experiments on corpus data with quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results. This book is divided into four parts. Part I “Searching for Entities in Text” is dedicated to the search for entities in textual data. Next, Part II “Working with Corpora” investigates corpora as valuable resources for NLP work. In turn, Part III “Semantic Grounding and Relatedness” focuses on the process of linking surface forms found in text to entities in resources. Finally, Part IV “Knowledge Acquisition” delves into the world of relations and relation extraction. The book also includes three appendices: “A Look into the Semantic Web” gives a brief overview of the Semantic Web and is intended to bring readers less familiar with the Semantic Web up to speed, so that they too can fully benefit from the material of this book. “NLP Tools and Platforms” provides information about NLP platforms and tools, while “Relation Lists” gathers lists of relations under different categories, showing how relations can be varied and serve different purposes. And finally, the book includes a glossary of over 200 terms commonly used in NLP. The book offers a valuable resource for graduate students specializing in SW technologies and professionals looking for new tools to improve the applicability of SW techniques in everyday life – or, in short, everyone looking to learn about NLP in order to expand his or her horizons. It provides a wealth of information for readers new to both fields, helping them understand the underlying principles and the challenges they may encounter.
Applied Natural Language Processing In The Enterprise
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Author : Ankur A. Patel
language : en
Publisher: "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
Release Date : 2021-05-12
Applied Natural Language Processing In The Enterprise written by Ankur A. Patel and has been published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc." this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-12 with Computers categories.
NLP has exploded in popularity over the last few years. But while Google, Facebook, OpenAI, and others continue to release larger language models, many teams still struggle with building NLP applications that live up to the hype. This hands-on guide helps you get up to speed on the latest and most promising trends in NLP. With a basic understanding of machine learning and some Python experience, you'll learn how to build, train, and deploy models for real-world applications in your organization. Authors Ankur Patel and Ajay Uppili Arasanipalai guide you through the process using code and examples that highlight the best practices in modern NLP. Use state-of-the-art NLP models such as BERT and GPT-3 to solve NLP tasks such as named entity recognition, text classification, semantic search, and reading comprehension Train NLP models with performance comparable or superior to that of out-of-the-box systems Learn about Transformer architecture and modern tricks like transfer learning that have taken the NLP world by storm Become familiar with the tools of the trade, including spaCy, Hugging Face, and fast.ai Build core parts of the NLP pipeline--including tokenizers, embeddings, and language models--from scratch using Python and PyTorch Take your models out of Jupyter notebooks and learn how to deploy, monitor, and maintain them in production
Understanding Language Understanding
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Author : Ashwin Ram
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1999
Understanding Language Understanding written by Ashwin Ram and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book highlights cutting-edge research relevant to the building of a computational model of reading comprehension, as in the processing and understanding of a natural language text or story. The book takes an interdisciplinary approach to the study of reading, with contributions from computer science, psychology, and philosophy. Contributors cover the theoretical and psychological foundations of the research in discussions of what it means to understand a text, how one builds a computational model, and related issues in knowledge representation and reasoning. The book also addresses some of the broader issues that a natural language system must deal with, such as reading in context, linguistic novelty, and information extraction.