Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection By Lidar In Autonomous Vehicles
DOWNLOAD
Download Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection By Lidar In Autonomous Vehicles PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection By Lidar In Autonomous Vehicles book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection By Lidar In Autonomous Vehicles
DOWNLOAD
Author : Cristina P. Magnusson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021-01-18
Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection By Lidar In Autonomous Vehicles written by Cristina P. Magnusson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-18 with categories.
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) utilize multiple devices, like high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, to interpret the driving environment and achieve full autonomy. One of these instruments-the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor-functions like radar, but utilizes pulsed infrared (IR) light, typically at wavelengths of 905 nm or 1,550 nm. The LiDAR sensor receives the reflected light from objects and calculates each object's distance and position. In current vehicles, the exterior automotive paint system covers an area larger than any other exterior material. Therefore, understanding how LiDAR wavelengths interact with other vehicles' coatings is extremely important for the safety of future automated driving technologies. Some coatings are more easily detected by LiDAR than others. In general, dark colors can absorb as much as 95% of the incident LiDAR intensity, reducing the amount of signal reflected toward the sensor. White cars are more easily detected as they exhibit high IR reflectivity. Many other factors like gloss level, effect pigments, and refinishes can affect reflectivity and even blind LiDAR sensors. On the other hand, several variables define overall LiDAR and perception system performance, including IR reflectivity of paint but also the target object's geometry, the type of LiDAR technology employed, angle of the target surface, environmental conditions, and sensor fusion software architecture. Sensing Technologies and Materials are two different industries that have not directly interacted in the perception and system sense. With the new applications in the AV industry, approaches need to be taken in a multidisciplinary way to ensure a reliable and safe technology for the future. This report provides a transversal view of the different industry segments from pigment and coating manufacturers to LiDAR component and vehicle system development and integration, and a structured decomposition of the different variables and technologies involved. NOTE: SAE EDGE Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection By Lidar In Autonomous Vehicles
DOWNLOAD
Author : Cristina Porcel Magnusson
language : en
Publisher: SAE International
Release Date : 2021-01-18
Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection By Lidar In Autonomous Vehicles written by Cristina Porcel Magnusson and has been published by SAE International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-18 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) utilize multiple devices, like high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, to interpret the driving environment and achieve full autonomy. One of these instruments—the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor—functions like radar, but utilizes pulsed infrared (IR) light, typically at wavelengths of 905 nm or 1,550 nm. The LiDAR sensor receives the reflected light from objects and calculates each object’s distance and position. In current vehicles, the exterior automotive paint system covers an area larger than any other exterior material. Therefore, understanding how LiDAR wavelengths interact with other vehicles’ coatings is extremely important for the safety of future automated driving technologies. Some coatings are more easily detected by LiDAR than others. In general, dark colors can absorb as much as 95% of the incident LiDAR intensity, reducing the amount of signal reflected toward the sensor. White cars are more easily detected as they exhibit high IR reflectivity. Many other factors like gloss level, effect pigments, and refinishes can affect reflectivity and even blind LiDAR sensors. On the other hand, several variables define overall LiDAR and perception system performance, including IR reflectivity of paint but also the target object’s geometry, the type of LiDAR technology employed, angle of the target surface, environmental conditions, and sensor fusion software architecture. Sensing Technologies and Materials are two different industries that have not directly interacted in the perception and system sense. With the new applications in the AV industry, approaches need to be taken in a multidisciplinary way to ensure a reliable and safe technology for the future. This report provides a transversal view of the different industry segments from pigment and coating manufacturers to LiDAR component and vehicle system development and integration, and a structured decomposition of the different variables and technologies involved. NOTE: SAE EDGE Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2021002
Next Generation Sensors For Automated Road Vehicles
DOWNLOAD
Author : Sven Beiker
language : en
Publisher: SAE International
Release Date : 2023-02-20
Next Generation Sensors For Automated Road Vehicles written by Sven Beiker and has been published by SAE International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-02-20 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This follow-up report to the inaugural SAE EDGE Research Report on “Unsettled Topics Concerning Sensors for Automated Road Vehicles” reviews the progress made in automated vehicle (AV) sensors over the past four to five years. Additionally, it addresses persistent disagreement and confusion regarding certain terms for describing sensors, the different strengths and shortcomings of particular sensors, and procedures regarding how to specify and evaluate them. Next-gen Automated Road Vehicle Sensors summarizes current trends and debates (e.g., sensor fusion, embedded AI, simulation) as well as future directions and needs. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2023003
Preservation Sustainability And Equity
DOWNLOAD
Author : Erica Avrami
language : en
Publisher: Columbia Books on Architecture and the City
Release Date : 2021-11
Preservation Sustainability And Equity written by Erica Avrami and has been published by Columbia Books on Architecture and the City this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11 with categories.
Heritage occupies a privileged position within the built environment. Most municipalities in the United States, and nearly all countries around the world, have laws and policies to preserve heritage in situ, seeking to protect places from physical loss and the forces of change. That privilege, however, is increasingly being unsettled by the legacies of racial, economic, and social injustice in both the built environment and historic preservation policy, and by the compounding climate crisis. Though many heritage projects and practitioners are confronting injustice and climate in innovative ways, systemic change requires looking beyond the formal and material dimensions of place and to the processes and outcomes of preservation policy--operationalized through laws and guidelines, regulatory processes, and institutions--across time and socio-geographic scales, and in relation to the publics they are intended to serve. This third volume in the Issues in Preservation Policy series examines historic preservation as an enterprise of ideas, methods, institutions, and practices that must reorient toward a new horizon, one in which equity and sustainability become critical guideposts for policy evolution.
The Crisis Of The 14th Century
DOWNLOAD
Author : Martin Bauch
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Release Date : 2019-12-16
The Crisis Of The 14th Century written by Martin Bauch and has been published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-16 with Literary Criticism categories.
Pre-modern critical interactions of nature and society can best be studied during the so-called "Crisis of the 14th Century". While historiography has long ignored the environmental framing of historcial processes and scientists have over-emphasized nature's impact on the course of human history, this volume tries to describe the at times complex modes of the late-medieval relationship of man and nature. The idea of 'teleconnection', borrowed from the geosciences, describes the influence of atmospheric circulation patterns often over long distances. It seems that there were 'teleconnections' in society, too. So this volumes aims to examine man-environment interactions mainly in the 14th century from all over Europe and beyond. It integrates contributions from different disciplines on impact, perception and reaction of environmental change and natural extreme events on late Medieval societies. For humanists from all historical disciplines it offers an approach how to integrate written and even scientific evidence on environmental change in established and new fields of historical research. For scientists it demonstrates the contributions scholars from the humanities can provide for discussion on past environmental changes.
Hexagon Kh 9 Mapping Camera Program And Evolution
DOWNLOAD
Author : Maurice G. Burnett
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Hexagon Kh 9 Mapping Camera Program And Evolution written by Maurice G. Burnett and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Artificial satellites, American categories.
The United States developed the Gambit and Hexagon programs to improve the nation's means for peering over the iron curtain that separated western democracies from east European and Asian communist countries. The inability to gain insight into vast "denied areas" required exceptional systems to understand threats posed by US adversaries. Corona was the first imagery satellite system to help see into those areas. Hexagon began as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program with the first concepts proposed in 1964. The CIA's primary goal was to develop an imagery system with Corona-like ability to image wide swaths of the earth, but with resolution equivalent to Gambit. Such a system would afford the United States even greater advantages monitoring the arms race that had developed with the nation's adversaries. The Hexagon mapping camera flew on 12 of the 20 Hexagon missions. It proved to be a remarkably efficient and prodigious producer of imagery for mapping purposes. The mapping camera system was successful by every standard including technical capabilities, reliability, and capacity.
Taking Measures Across The American Landscape
DOWNLOAD
Author : James Corner
language : en
Publisher: Yale University Press
Release Date : 1996-01-01
Taking Measures Across The American Landscape written by James Corner and has been published by Yale University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-01-01 with Photography categories.
Photographs and essays express "the way the American landscape has been forged by various cultures in the past and what the possibilities are for its future design."--Jacket.
Landscape Perspectives
DOWNLOAD
Author : Marc Antrop
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-06-07
Landscape Perspectives written by Marc Antrop and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-07 with Science categories.
Climb a mountain and experience the landscape. Try to grasp its holistic nature. Do not climb alone, but with others and share your experience. Be sure the ways of seeing the landscape will be very different. We experience the landscape with all senses as a complex, dynamic and hierarchically structured whole. The landscape is tangible out there and simultaneously a mental reality. Several perspectives are obvious because of language, culture and background. Many disciplines developed to study the landscape focussing on specific interest groups and applications. Gradually the holistic way of seeing became lost. This book explores the different perspectives on the landscape in relation to its holistic nature. We start from its multiple linguistic meanings and a comprehensive overview of the development of landscape research from its geographical origins to the wide variety of today’s specialised disciplines and interest groups. Understanding the different perspectives on the landscapes and bringing them together is essential in transdisciplinary approaches where the landscape is the integrating concept.
Adding Temporal Information To Lidar Semantic Segmentation For Autonomous Vehicles
DOWNLOAD
Author : Mohammed Anany
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Adding Temporal Information To Lidar Semantic Segmentation For Autonomous Vehicles written by Mohammed Anany and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with Convolutions (Mathematics) categories.
Abstract: Semantic segmentation is an essential technique to achieve scene understanding for various domains and applications. Particularly, it is of crucial importance in autonomous driving applications. Autonomous vehicles usually rely on cameras and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors to gain contextual information from the environment. Semantic segmentation has been employed to process images and point clouds that were captured from cameras and LiDAR sensors respectively. One important research direction to consider is investigating the impact of utilizing temporal information in the domain of semantic segmentation. Many contributions exist in the field with regards to utilizing temporal information for semantic segmentation on 2D images. However, few studies tackled the usage of temporal information for semantic segmentation on 3D point clouds. Recent studies experimented with scan clustering and bayes filters, however, none were conducted using recurrent networks. Various techniques of semantic segmentation of 3D point clouds are explored, and the best fit to serve as baseline was SqueezeSeg V2. In this work, we introduce a Convolutional-LSTM layer in the model and adjust the "skip" connectors in the architecture, resulting in a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 36%, which improves on the baseline by almost 3%. Recently, we repeated the same experiment on SqueezeSeg V3, a recently published network, which achieved a mIoU of 45.3, improving on its baseline by 2.13%. These results were obtained using sequences 00 to 10 of Semantic KITTI dataset.
Autonomous Vehicle Lidar
DOWNLOAD
Author : Kai Zhou
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-12-31
Autonomous Vehicle Lidar written by Kai Zhou and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-31 with categories.
The largest high-tech companies and leading automobile manufacturers in the world have unleashed torrents of effort and capital to position themselves for the arrival of autonomous vehicles. What is the fuss about? What is at stake? What are the leading sensor technologies? What is meant by "flash lidar" or "time-of-flight" sensors? With no less than 40 - 50 lidar companies vying to create mainstream automotive sensors, the climate is unique for young scientists and engineers to enter the field. What are the alliances forming between the companies, and how are they shifting? Who are current incumbents in the field? This tutorial text aims to introduce a technical but nonspecialist reader to autonomous vehicle lidar, starting from the fundamental physics of lidar and motivation for its application to autonomous vehicle systems. We will then introduce time of flight design concepts, following the light pathway through the source and transmitter optics to the photodetector. Next two distinct timing methods will be introduced, followed up by a brief discussion of beam steering. After finishing this text, the reader should be prepared to enter into laboratory explorations on the topic.