Us Brazil Cotton Dispute And The World Cotton Market
DOWNLOAD
Download Us Brazil Cotton Dispute And The World Cotton Market PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get Us Brazil Cotton Dispute And The World Cotton Market book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
Us Brazil Cotton Dispute And The World Cotton Market
DOWNLOAD
Author : William Ridley
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Us Brazil Cotton Dispute And The World Cotton Market written by William Ridley and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
US policies for its cotton producers depress world cotton prices, adversely affecting exporters such as Brazil, which filed a complaint to the WTO. Despite WTO rulings in Brazil's favour, meting out the right to enact retaliatory countermeasures, the United States continues to subsidise its cotton farmers. After prolonged negotiations, Brazil and the United States reached an agreement which allowed the United States to pay Brazil to refrain from enforcing the countermeasures. To capture the adverse effects of US policies, theoretical analyses are conducted. The theoretical model is extended by constructing an empirical model of the world cotton market. The adverse effects of US policies on Brazil are estimated and compared to the compensation the United States pays Brazil.
U S Brazil Cotton Dispute And The World Cotton Market
DOWNLOAD
Author : William C. Ridley
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
U S Brazil Cotton Dispute And The World Cotton Market written by William C. Ridley and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Cotton trade categories.
King Cotton In International Trade
DOWNLOAD
Author : Meredith A. Taylor Black
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2016-05-02
King Cotton In International Trade written by Meredith A. Taylor Black and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-05-02 with Business & Economics categories.
In King Cotton in International Trade Meredith A. Taylor Black provides a comprehensive analysis of the WTO Cotton dispute and its significant jurisprudential and negotiating effect on disciplining and containing the negative effects of highly trade-distorting agricultural subsidies of developed countries. To that end, this work details the historic, economic, and political background leading up to Brazil’s challenge of the US cotton subsidies and the main findings of the five WTO reports that largely upheld that challenge. It explores the impacts of the successful challenge in terms of political and negotiating dynamics involving agriculture subsidies and other trade-related issues in the WTO while examining the effects on domestic agriculture subsidy reforms in the United States and the European Union. Finally, this volume sets forth the possible impacts of the Cotton challenge on the negotiating end-game of the Doha Development Round.
Brazil S Cotton Industry
DOWNLOAD
Author : James Kiawu
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2011
Brazil S Cotton Industry written by James Kiawu and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Business & Economics categories.
Brazil is one of the world¿s leading cotton producers and an important competitor of the U.S. in Asian and European cotton markets. This situation has come about as a result of trade liberalization, structural transformation of the Brazilian economy, and the emergence of new cotton producing regions using advanced technologies and benefiting from targeted government support. Brazil¿s access to additional agricultural land and recent favorable cotton prices suggest the country¿s cotton production could rise even more than previously expected. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find report.
Background On The U S Brazil Wto Cotton Subsidy Dispute
DOWNLOAD
Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Background On The U S Brazil Wto Cotton Subsidy Dispute written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
In late 2002, Brazil initiated a World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement case (DS267) against specific provisions of the U.S. cotton program. On September 8, 2004, a WTO dispute settlement (DS) panel ruled against the United States on several key issues in case DS267. On October 18, 2004, the United States appealed the case to the WTO's Appellate Body (AB) which, on March 3, 2005, confirmed the earlier DS panel findings against U.S. cotton programs. Key findings include the following: (1) U.S. domestic cotton subsidies have exceeded WTO commitments of the 1992 benchmark year, thereby losing the protection afforded by the "Peace Clause," which shielded them from substantive challenges; (2) the two major types of direct payments made under U.S. farm programs -- Production Flexibility Contract payments of the 1996 Farm Act and the Direct Payments of the 2002 Farm Act -- do not qualify for WTO exemptions from reduction commitments as fully decoupled income support and should therefore count against the "Peace Clause" limits; (3) Step-2 program payments are prohibited subsidies; (4) U.S. export credit guarantees are effectively export subsidies, making them subject to previously notified export subsidy commitments; and (5) U.S. domestic support measures that are "contingent on market prices" have resulted in excess cotton production and exports that, in turn, have caused low international prices and have resulted in "serious prejudice" to Brazil. What happens next? On March 21, 2005, the AB and panel reports were adopted by the WTO membership, initiating a sequence of events, under WTO dispute settlement rules, whereby the United States will bring its policies into line with the panel's recommendations or negotiate a mutually acceptable settlement with Brazil. First, the panel recommended that all "prohibited" U.S. export subsidies (i.e., Step 2 payments and exports of unscheduled commodities -- including cotton -- made with GSM export credit guarantees) must be withdrawn by July 1, 2005. Second, as concerns a ruling on "actionable" subsidies under a finding of serious prejudice caused by "price contingent" subsidies (e.g., loan deficiency payments, marketing loss assistance payments, counter-cyclical payments, and Step-2 payments), the United States is under an obligation to "take appropriate steps to remove the adverse effects or withdraw the subsidy." It is noteworthy that the panel finding that U.S. direct payments do not qualify for WTO exemptions from reduction commitments as fully decoupled income support (i.e., they are not green box compliant) appears to have no further consequences within the context of this case and does not involve any compliance measures. This is because direct payments were deemed "non-price contingent" and were evaluated strictly in terms of the Peace Clause violation. This report provides background to the dispute, as well as details of the WTO dispute settlement case. It will not be updated. For information on the U.S. response to panel recommendations and their implications for the U.S. cotton sector, see CRS Report RS22187, U.S. Agricultural Policy Response to WTO Cotton Decision.
Crs Report For Congress
DOWNLOAD
Author : Congressional Research Service: The Libr
language : en
Publisher: BiblioGov
Release Date : 2013-10
Crs Report For Congress written by Congressional Research Service: The Libr and has been published by BiblioGov this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10 with categories.
The so-called "Brazil cotton case" is a long-running World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement case (DS267) initiated by Brazil--a major cotton export competitor--in 2002 against specific provisions of the U.S. cotton program. In September 2004, a WTO dispute settlement panel found that certain U.S. agricultural support payments and guarantees--including (1) payments to cotton producers under the marketing loan and counter-cyclical programs, and (2) export credit guarantees under the GSM-102 program--were inconsistent with WTO commitments. In 2005, the United States made several changes to both its cotton and GSM-102 programs in an attempt to bring them into compliance with WTO recommendations. However, Brazil argued that the U.S. response was inadequate. A WTO compliance panel ruled in favor of Brazil's non-compliance charge against the United States in December 2007, and the ruling was upheld on appeal in June 2008. In August 2009, a WTO arbitration panel--assigned to determine the appropriate level of retaliation--announced that Brazil's trade countermeasures against U.S. goods and services could include two components: (1) a fixed amount of $147.3 million in response to U.S. cotton program payments, and (2) a variable amount based on U.S. GSM-102 program spending. In response to Brazil's argument that insufficient trade in goods occurred ...
Brazil S Cotton Industry
DOWNLOAD
Author : Robert B. Evans
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Brazil S Cotton Industry written by Robert B. Evans and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Agriculture categories.
Brazil S Wto Case Against The U S Cotton Program
DOWNLOAD
Author : Randy Schnepf
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2010-11
Brazil S Wto Case Against The U S Cotton Program written by Randy Schnepf and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11 with Business & Economics categories.
U.S. and Brazilian trade negotiators reached agreement on June 17, 2010, on a ¿Framework Agreement¿ regarding a World Trade Org. (WTO) dispute settlement case over U.S. cotton subsidies and agr¿l. export credit guarantees. The Agreement represents a path toward the goal of reaching a negotiated solution to the dispute, while avoiding trade retaliation by Brazil against U.S. goods and services. Contents of this report: (1) Overview; (2) Background on the U.S. Cotton Sector; (3) Brazil¿s WTO Dispute Settlement Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program; (4) WTO Compliance Panel Review and Ruling; (5) WTO Arbitration of Brazil¿s Proposed Countermeasures; (6) Retaliation or Settlement?; (7) Policy Implications of WTO Panel Ruling. Illus.
The Cotton And Sugar Subsidies Decisions
DOWNLOAD
Author : Stephen Joseph Powell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
The Cotton And Sugar Subsidies Decisions written by Stephen Joseph Powell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Acting on complaints by Brazil, the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted in Spring 2005 two dispute settlement reports that not only require changes to U.S. and European agricultural subsidies, but alter the balance of concessions reached in the 1994 Agreement on Agriculture, further complicating the task of tightening agricultural disciplines underway in the Doha Development Round. The Cotton report reclassifies from the green box (permitted subsidies) to the amber box (subject to reduction commitments) two U.S. programs whose payments are based on historical acreage and yields and thus were thought by most observers to be decoupled both from price and production, the archetypal exemption from reduction commitments for non-trade distorting subsidies. The panel concluded that the so-called "fruit and vegetable exception," which results in reduced payments if the grower plants certain crops, was sufficient to link payments to production, despite evidence that virtually all cotton recipients would in any event have continued to plant cotton on their base acreage. The panel went on to find that subsidies to cotton producers exceeded the U.S. reduction commitment in the Agreement on Agriculture and caused world cotton prices to be "significantly suppressed," an actionable form of injury to Brazil's cotton exporters under the WTO Subsidies Agreement. We conclude that it is difficult to argue with the Panel's finding that price support programs tied to world prices have market insulating effects on farmers and a negative impact on world cotton prices. However, even in the absence of U.S. cotton policy, world cotton prices may be distorted from widespread use of subsidies by other cotton-producing nations. As a result, the Panel's statements concerning price suppression in the absence of U.S. cotton policy should be interpreted with caution, because price suppression can exist even in the absence of the U.S. cotton policy. Even more importantly, the Panel's failure to quantify either the magnitude of the subsidies or the nature of the price effects leaves governments without a road map to conform their agricultural support programs to these strict-liability interpretations of WTO mandates. The EC sugar regime establishes production quotas for two categories of sugar, labeled "A sugar" and "B sugar." These are the maximum amounts of sugar that may be sold within the EC in a given year. Producers must export any surplus amounts, designated "C sugar." Domestic prices for A and B sugar are supported by an array of government measures and also receive direct export subsidies. EC sugar producers receive no additional funds from the EC if they export a large amount or no C sugar. The Sugar panel found that "A, B or C sugar are part of the same line of production and thus to the extent that the fixed costs of A, B or C are largely paid for by the profits made on sales of A and B sugar, the EC sugar regime provides the advantage which allows EC sugar producers to produce and export C sugar at below total cost of production." The Sugar panel's finding that below-cost exports of an agricultural product may, even in the absence of "direct" export subsidies, represent proof of export subsidization if there is close linkage between these exports and domestic support programs makes the U.S. rice, corn, soybeans, and other commodities programs vulnerable to dispute challenge. The finding also substantially complicates the EC's task of bringing its sugar regime into compliance with its reduction commitments under the Agreement on Agriculture. If the 4 million tons of "C sugar" exports benefit from prohibited "export subsidies," either these exports must be eliminated or their subsidization must be ended. The former approach will put the EU in breach of its agreements with ACP countries and with India. The latter will be difficult, if possible at all, without elimination of domestic support for "A" and "B" quota sugar, because the Sugar opinions leave the EC with little guidance as what level of domestic support would end "C" sugar cross-subsidization. As in the Cotton case, the lack of quantification has left the losing WTO Member in a position of not knowing how to bring its subsidy program into compliance. Using both subsidies law and trade economics, we argue that these decisions markedly change the starting positions in the Doha Round by blurring distinctions between the "boxes" that were clear to agriculture negotiators during the Uruguay Round, as well as distinctions between domestic and export subsidies crucial to the balances struck in the Agreements on Subsidies and on Agriculture. No matter how destructive of efficient markets large subsidies may be, these cases should not be seen as proof that developing countries can bring to justice rich nations that abuse their financial power to cause injury. The cases simply demonstrate that an agricultural superpower can take advantage of technical traps caused by imprecise drafting and an increasingly literal WTO dispute settlement system with a built-in bias against deference to national agencies to penetrate its most desirable markets.
U S Upland Cotton S Competition In Foreign Markets
DOWNLOAD
Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1971
U S Upland Cotton S Competition In Foreign Markets written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1971 with Cotton categories.