Using 21st Century Science To Improve Risk Related Evaluations

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Using 21st Century Science To Improve Risk Related Evaluations

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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2017-02-16

Using 21st Century Science To Improve Risk Related Evaluations written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-16 with Nature categories.

Over the last decade, several large-scale United States and international programs have been initiated to incorporate advances in molecular and cellular biology, -omics technologies, analytical methods, bioinformatics, and computational tools and methods into the field of toxicology. Similar efforts are being pursued in the field of exposure science with the goals of obtaining more accurate and complete exposure data on individuals and populations for thousands of chemicals over the lifespan; predicting exposures from use data and chemical-property information; and translating exposures between test systems and humans. Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations makes recommendations for integrating new scientific approaches into risk-based evaluations. This study considers the scientific advances that have occurred following the publication of the NRC reports Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy and Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. Given the various ongoing lines of investigation and new data streams that have emerged, this publication proposes how best to integrate and use the emerging results in evaluating chemical risk. Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations considers whether a new paradigm is needed for data validation, how to integrate the divergent data streams, how uncertainty might need to be characterized, and how best to communicate the new approaches so that they are understandable to various stakeholders.

Science And Decisions

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2009-03-24

Science And Decisions written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-03-24 with Political Science categories.

Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.

Risk Assessment For Environmental Health

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Author : Mark G. Robson
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2022-12-30

Risk Assessment For Environmental Health written by Mark G. Robson and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-12-30 with Medical categories.

Understanding risk to humans is one of the most important problems in environmental public health. Risk assessment is constantly changing with the advent of new exposure assessment tools, more sophisticated models, and a better understanding of disease processes. Risk assessment is also gaining greater acceptance in the developing world where major environmental problems exist. Developed in partnership with the Association of Schools of Public Health, this comprehensive text offers a thorough survey of risk assessment, management, and communications as these practices apply to public health. Key Features: Provides a practical overview of environmental risk assessment and its application by discussing the process and providing case studies and examples Focuses on tools and approaches used for humans in an environment involving potential chemical hazards Fully updated, the first part introduces the underlying principles and techniques of the field, and the second examines case studies in terms of different risk assessment scenarios Risk assessment is a core requirement for the MPH degree in environmental health Useful “stories” suitable for case studies

Progress Toward Transforming The Integrated Risk Information System Iris Program

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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2018-04-11

Progress Toward Transforming The Integrated Risk Information System Iris Program written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-04-11 with Political Science categories.

Over the past several years, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been transforming the procedures of its Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), a program that produces hazard and doseâ€'response assessments of environmental chemicals and derives toxicity values that can be used to estimate risks posed by exposures to them. The transformation was initiated after suggestions for program reforms were provided in a 2011 report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that reviewed a draft IRIS assessment of formaldehyde. In 2014, the National Academies released a report that reviewed the IRIS program and evaluated the changes implemented in it since the 2011 report. Since 2014, new leadership of EPA's National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) and IRIS program has instituted even more substantive changes in the IRIS program in response to the recommendations in the 2014 report. Progress Toward Transforming the Integrated Risk Information System Program: A 2018 Evaluation reviews the EPA's progress toward addressing the past recommendations from the National Academies.

Controlled Human Inhalation Exposure Studies At Epa

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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2017-04-10

Controlled Human Inhalation Exposure Studies At Epa written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-10 with Science categories.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a mission and regulatory responsibility to protect human health and the environment. EPA's pursuit of that goal includes a variety of research activities involving human subjects, such as epidemiologic studies and surveys. Those research activities also involve studies of individuals who volunteer to be exposed to air pollutants intentionally in controlled laboratory settings so that measurements can be made of transient and reversible biomarker or physiologic responses to those exposures that can indicate pathways of toxicity and mechanisms of air-pollution responses. The results of those controlled human inhalation exposure (CHIE) studies, also referred to as human clinical studies or human challenge studies, are used to inform policy decisions and help establish or revise standards to protect public health and improve air quality. Controlled Human Inhalation-Exposure Studies at EPA addresses scientific issues and provides guidance on the conduct of CHIE studies. This report assesses the utility of CHIE studies to inform and reduce uncertainties in setting air-pollution standards to protect public health and assess whether continuation of such studies is warranted. It also evaluates the potential health risks to test subjects who participated in recent studies of air pollutants at EPA's clinical research facility.

Health Risk Assessment For Asbestos And Other Fibrous Minerals

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Author : Andrey Korchevskiy
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2024-07-23

Health Risk Assessment For Asbestos And Other Fibrous Minerals written by Andrey Korchevskiy and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-07-23 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Evaluates the risks and human health impacts of asbestos and other fibrous minerals Despite continuous efforts to eliminate asbestos from commercial use, it remains a serious occupational and environmental hazard. Health Risk Assessment for Asbestos and Other Fibrous Minerals provides a rigorous discussion of risk assessment methodology for elongate mineral particles, covering basics, theory, models, and practical applications, enabling readers to participate in carrying out efficient and informed health risk assessments, to estimate potential adverse effects for exposed populations, and to determine the acceptability of risks at a given level of exposure. Coverage includes: Mineralogy, health effects, pathology, exposure assessment, modeling, and characterization of risks for asbestos and similar toxic materials Necessary integration of epidemiology, toxicology, industrial hygiene, and environmental health expertise when performing a health risk assessment Emerging and not-well-known hazards, e.g. erionite and other naturally occurring fibrous minerals Contributions by Garry Burdett, Bruce Case, Lucy Darnton, Daniel Hall, Arseniy Korchevskiy, Brooke Mossman, Cassidy Strode, Robert Strode, and Ann Wylie Case studies and examples of risk calculations Health Risk Assessment for Asbestos and Other Fibrous Minerals is a highly practical reference on the subject for occupational and public health professionals, industry and government regulators, industrial hygienists, and risk assessors, along with epidemiologists, biostatisticians, toxicologists, and other scientific professionals.

Oecd Series On Testing And Assessment Considerations For Assessing The Risks Of Combined Exposure To Multiple Chemicals

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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2018-12-06

Oecd Series On Testing And Assessment Considerations For Assessing The Risks Of Combined Exposure To Multiple Chemicals written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-06 with categories.

The report outlines the technical aspects of the various approaches and methodologies available with respect to the assessment of risks from combined exposures to multiple chemicals. The document draws from approaches applied and experience gained in the regulatory context and will therefore be most relevant to the regulatory authorities addressing chemicals, the regulated community and other interested stakeholders.

Big Data In Predictive Toxicology

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Author : Daniel Neagu
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2019-12-04

Big Data In Predictive Toxicology written by Daniel Neagu and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-04 with Medical categories.

The rate at which toxicological data is generated is continually becoming more rapid and the volume of data generated is growing dramatically. This is due in part to advances in software solutions and cheminformatics approaches which increase the availability of open data from chemical, biological and toxicological and high throughput screening resources. However, the amplified pace and capacity of data generation achieved by these novel techniques presents challenges for organising and analysing data output. Big Data in Predictive Toxicology discusses these challenges as well as the opportunities of new techniques encountered in data science. It addresses the nature of toxicological big data, their storage, analysis and interpretation. It also details how these data can be applied in toxicity prediction, modelling and risk assessment. This title is of particular relevance to researchers and postgraduates working and studying in the fields of computational methods, applied and physical chemistry, cheminformatics, biological sciences, predictive toxicology and safety and hazard assessment.

Application Of Systematic Review Methods In An Overall Strategy For Evaluating Low Dose Toxicity From Endocrine Active Chemicals

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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2017-08-14

Application Of Systematic Review Methods In An Overall Strategy For Evaluating Low Dose Toxicity From Endocrine Active Chemicals written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-14 with Science categories.

To safeguard public health, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must keep abreast of new scientific information and emerging technologies so that it can apply them to regulatory decision-making. For decades the agency has dealt with questions about what animal-testing data to use to make predictions about human health hazards, how to perform dose-response extrapolations, how to identify and protect susceptible subpopulations, and how to address uncertainties. As alternatives to traditional toxicity testing have emerged, the agency has been faced with additional questions about how to incorporate data from such tests into its chemical assessments and whether such tests can replace some traditional testing methods. Endocrine active chemicals (EACs) have raised concerns that traditional toxicity-testing protocols might be inadequate to identify all potential hazards to human health because they have the ability to modulate normal hormone function, and small alterations in hormone concentrations, particularly during sensitive life stages, can have lasting and significant effects. To address concerns about potential human health effects from EACs at low doses, this report develops a strategy to evaluate the evidence for such low-dose effects.

Chemical Hazards In Foods Of Animal Origin

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Author : Frans J.M. Smulders
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2023-08-07

Chemical Hazards In Foods Of Animal Origin written by Frans J.M. Smulders and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-08-07 with Business & Economics categories.

The authorship of this book is comprised of a total of 65 experts of worldwide repute, originating from 13 different countries and representing various scientific disciplines such as human and veterinary medicine, agricultural sciences, (micro)biology, pharmacology/toxicology, nutrition, (food) chemistry and risk assessment science. In 25 chapters the various chemical hazards - 'avoidable' or 'unavoidable' and possibly prevailing in major foods of animal origin [muscle foods (including fish), milk and dairy, eggs, honey] - are identified and characterised, the public health risks associated with the ingestion of animal food products that may be contaminated with such xenobiotic chemical substances are discussed in detail, and options for risk mitigation are presented. This volume targets an audience with both an industry and academic background, and particularly those professionals who are (or students who aspire to become) involved in risk management of foods of animal origin.