Values And Objectivity In Science
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Science As Social Knowledge
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Author : Helen E. Longino
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2020-03-31
Science As Social Knowledge written by Helen E. Longino and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-03-31 with Philosophy categories.
Conventional wisdom has it that the sciences, properly pursued, constitute a pure, value-free method of obtaining knowledge about the natural world. In light of the social and normative dimensions of many scientific debates, Helen Longino finds that general accounts of scientific methodology cannot support this common belief. Focusing on the notion of evidence, the author argues that a methodology powerful enough to account for theories of any scope and depth is incapable of ruling out the influence of social and cultural values in the very structuring of knowledge. The objectivity of scientific inquiry can nevertheless be maintained, she proposes, by understanding scientific inquiry as a social rather than an individual process. Seeking to open a dialogue between methodologists and social critics of the sciences, Longino develops this concept of "contextual empiricism" in an analysis of research programs that have drawn criticism from feminists. Examining theories of human evolution and of prenatal hormonal determination of "gender-role" behavior, of sex differences in cognition, and of sexual orientation, the author shows how assumptions laden with social values affect the description, presentation, and interpretation of data. In particular, Longino argues that research on the hormonal basis of "sex-differentiated behavior" involves assumptions not only about gender relations but also about human action and agency. She concludes with a discussion of the relation between science, values, and ideology, based on the work of Habermas, Foucault, Keller, and Haraway.
Science Values And Objectivity
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Author : Peter Machamer
language : en
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Release Date : 2004
Science Values And Objectivity written by Peter Machamer and has been published by University of Pittsburgh Pre this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Science categories.
Collection of essays that identify the values crucial to science, distinguish some of the criteria that can be used for value identification, and elaborate the conditions for warranting certain values as necessary or central to scientific research.
Values Objectivity And The Social Sciences
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Author : Gresham Riley
language : en
Publisher: Addison Wesley Publishing Company
Release Date : 1974
Values Objectivity And The Social Sciences written by Gresham Riley and has been published by Addison Wesley Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1974 with Social Science categories.
Science Policy And The Value Free Ideal
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Author : Heather Douglas
language : en
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Release Date : 2009-07-15
Science Policy And The Value Free Ideal written by Heather Douglas and has been published by University of Pittsburgh Pre this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-15 with Philosophy categories.
The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be “value-free.” In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence. Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.
Science Society And Values
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Author : Sal P. Restivo
language : en
Publisher: Lehigh University Press
Release Date : 1994
Science Society And Values written by Sal P. Restivo and has been published by Lehigh University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Philosophy categories.
He has tried - in his career and, specifically, in this volume - to understand science without accepting the culture of science uncritically.
Objectivity In Science
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Author : Stephen John
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2021-06-10
Objectivity In Science written by Stephen John and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-10 with Philosophy categories.
Objectivity is a key concept both in how we talk about science in everyday life and in the philosophy of science. This Element explores various ways in which recent philosophers of science have thought about the nature, value and achievability of objectivity. The first section explains the general trend in recent philosophy of science away from a notion of objectivity as a 'view from nowhere' to a focus on the relationship between objectivity and trust. Section 2 discusses the relationship between objectivity and recent arguments attacking the viability or desirability of 'value free' science. Section 3 outlines Longino's influential 'social' account of objectivity, suggesting some worries about drawing too strong a link between epistemic and ethical virtues. Section 4 turns to the value of objectivity, exploring concerns that notions of objectivity are politically problematic, and cautiously advocating in response a view of objectivity in terms of invariance.
Objectivity In Science
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Author : Flavia Padovani
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-03-23
Objectivity In Science written by Flavia Padovani and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-23 with Science categories.
This highly multidisciplinary collection discusses an increasingly important topic among scholars in science and technology studies: objectivity in science. It features eleven essays on scientific objectivity from a variety of perspectives, including philosophy of science, history of science, and feminist philosophy. Topics addressed in the book include the nature and value of scientific objectivity, the history of objectivity, and objectivity in scientific journals and communities. Taken individually, the essays supply new methodological tools for theorizing what is valuable in the pursuit of objective knowledge and for investigating its history. The essays offer many starting points, while suggesting new avenues of research. Taken collectively, the essays exemplify the very virtues of objectivity that they theorize—in reading them together, the reader can sense various anxieties about the dangerously subjective in our age and locate commonalities of concern as well as differences of approach. As a result, the volume offers an expansive vision of a research community seeking a communal understanding of its own methods and its own epistemic anxieties, struggling to enunciate the key problems of knowledge of our time and offer insight into how to overcome them.
Evolving Nature Of Objectivity In The History Of Science And Its Implications For Science Education
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Author : Mansoor Niaz
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-10-26
Evolving Nature Of Objectivity In The History Of Science And Its Implications For Science Education written by Mansoor Niaz and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-26 with Science categories.
This book explores the evolving nature of objectivity in the history of science and its implications for science education. It is generally considered that objectivity, certainty, truth, universality, the scientific method and the accumulation of experimental data characterize both science and science education. Such universal values associated with science may be challenged while studying controversies in their original historical context. The scientific enterprise is not characterized by objectivity or the scientific method, but rather controversies, alternative interpretations of data, ambiguity, and uncertainty. Although objectivity is not synonymous with truth or certainty, it has eclipsed other epistemic virtues and to be objective is often used as a synonym for scientific. Recent scholarship in history and philosophy of science has shown that it is not the experimental data (Baconian orgy of quantification) but rather the diversity / plurality in a scientific discipline that contributes toward understanding objectivity. History of science shows that objectivity and subjectivity can be considered as the two poles of a continuum and this dualism leads to a conflict in understanding the evolving nature of objectivity. The history of objectivity is nothing less than the history of science itself and the evolving and varying forms of objectivity does not mean that one replaced the other in a sequence but rather each form supplements the others. This book is remarkable for its insistence that the philosophy of science, and in particular that discipline’s analysis of objectivity as the supposed hallmark of the scientific method, is of direct value to teachers of science. Meticulously, yet in a most readable way, Mansoor Niaz looks at the way objectivity has been dealt with over the years in influential educational journals and in textbooks; it’s fascinating how certain perspectives fade, while basic questions show no sign of going away. There are few books that take both philosophy and education seriously – this one does! Roald Hoffmann, Cornell University, chemist, writer and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry
Value Free Science
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Author : Harold Kincaid
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2007-03-15
Value Free Science written by Harold Kincaid and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-03-15 with Philosophy categories.
It has long been thought that science is our best hope for realizing objective knowledge, but that, to deliver on this promise, it must be value free. Things are not so simple, however, as recent work in science studies makes clear. The contributors to this volume investigate where and how values are involved in science, and examine the implications of this involvement for ideals of objectivity.
Objectivity Diversity
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Author : Sandra Harding
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2015-05-18
Objectivity Diversity written by Sandra Harding and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-05-18 with Science categories.
Worries about scientific objectivity seem never-ending. Social critics and philosophers of science have argued that invocations of objectivity are often little more than attempts to boost the status of a claim, while calls for value neutrality may be used to suppress otherwise valid dissenting positions. Objectivity is used sometimes to advance democratic agendas, at other times to block them; sometimes for increasing the growth of knowledge, at others to resist it. Sandra Harding is not ready to throw out objectivity quite yet. For all of its problems, she contends that objectivity is too powerful a concept simply to abandon. In Objectivity and Diversity, Harding calls for a science that is both more epistemically adequate and socially just, a science that would ask: How are the lives of the most economically and politically vulnerable groups affected by a particular piece of research? Do they have a say in whether and how the research is done? Should empirically reliable systems of indigenous knowledge count as "real science"? Ultimately, Harding argues for a shift from the ideal of a neutral, disinterested science to one that prizes fairness and responsibility.