Vascular Smooth Muscle Function In Hypertension

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Vascular Smooth Muscle Function In Hypertension

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Author : Theodora Szasz
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2016-10-23

Vascular Smooth Muscle Function In Hypertension written by Theodora Szasz and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-23 with Medical categories.

Hypertension is defined by an increase in systemic blood pressure above limits considered normal, currently set at 140 mmHg for systolic and 90 mmHg for diastolic pressure. Assuming central venous pressure to be near zero, mean arterial pressure is determined by the product of total peripheral resistance and cardiac output. In most cases of essential hypertension, as well as in animal models of hypertension, cardiac output and its main determinants, stroke volume and heart rate, are normal, whereas total peripheral resistance is increased. Total peripheral resistance is influenced by a number of factors described by the Poiseuille’s law, the most significant of which by far is the diameter of blood vessels of the arterial tree. Since blood vessel diameter is a reflection of both vascular structure and active regulation of vascular tone through mechanisms of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, it is generally considered that alterations in total peripheral resistance are directly determined by alterations in vascular smooth muscle structure and/or function. Thus, complex blood pressure regulation systems, including renal, nervous, endocrine, immune, and others, in their turn influenced by genetic or environmental factors, converge upon the same molecular mechanisms that control the structure and function of vascular smooth muscle. In this work, rather than providing the exhaustive list of modifications in the blood pressure regulating systems that ultimately affect the vasculature in hypertension, we will focus on the structural and functional alterations of vascular smooth muscle per se during hypertension.

Vascular Smooth Muscle Function In Hypertension

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Author : Rita Tostes
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014-03-15

Vascular Smooth Muscle Function In Hypertension written by Rita Tostes and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-03-15 with categories.

Vascular Smooth Muscle Structure And Function In Health And Disease

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Author : Chi-ming Hai
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2016-10-12

Vascular Smooth Muscle Structure And Function In Health And Disease written by Chi-ming Hai and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-12 with Science categories.

This book presents key concepts in the structure and function of vascular smooth muscle cells in health and disease. Supplemental reading may be drawn from the extensive references listed at the end of each chapter. Vascular smooth muscle cell is the major cell type in blood vessels. Dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells is an important cause of vascular diseases, for example, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and circulatory shock. Vascular smooth muscle cells are phenotypically plastic, capable of switching between two major phenotypes — contractile/differentiated phenotype and invasive/proliferative phenotype in response to environmental clues. Chapter 1 introduces the major areas of research presented in this monograph. Chapters 2 to 4 address the structure and function of the contractile/differentiated phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cell. Chapters 5 and 6 address the developmental basis of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and structure and function of podosomes (invasive organelles) in the invasive/proliferative phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cell. Chapters 7 to 9 address the role of vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction in vascular diseases — atherosclerosis, hypertension, and circulatory shock.

Effects Of Plasma Factor S On Vascular Smooth Muscle Function And Its Role In The Etiology Of Essential Hypertension

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Author : Gnanaranjitham Pillai
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989

Effects Of Plasma Factor S On Vascular Smooth Muscle Function And Its Role In The Etiology Of Essential Hypertension written by Gnanaranjitham Pillai and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Essential hypertension categories.

Blood Vessel Changes In Hypertension Structure And Function

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Author : R.M.K.W. Lee
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1989-04-30

Blood Vessel Changes In Hypertension Structure And Function written by R.M.K.W. Lee and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-04-30 with Medical categories.

Written by established researchers, this two-volume publication provides timely, comprehensive and insightful reviews on recent discoveries in the etiology of hypertension. Structural changes of the blood vessels in hypertension in relation to connective tissue, cerebral vessel structure and innervation, smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia, and rarefaction of microvessels are discussed. Also presented are the effects of antihypertensive therapy on vessel structure and function. A unique feature is the inclusion of a chapter on pulmonary vascular changes in pulmonary hypertension, which shows certain changes that are similar to systemic hypertension. This book is of major interest to researchers involved in the study of hypertension and the biology of the blood vessels.

Vascular Smooth Muscle

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Author : Chi-Ming Hai
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016

Vascular Smooth Muscle written by Chi-Ming Hai and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Vascular smooth muscle categories.

The Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell

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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1995-10-24

The Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell written by and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-10-24 with Science categories.

In the last several years, the development of reagents that recognize smooth muscle-specific proteins has enabled researchers to identify smooth muscle cells (SMC) in tissue undergoing both differentiation and repair. These developments have led to increased research on SMC. The latest volume in the Biology of the Extracellular Matrix Series takes a current and all-encompassing look at this growing area of research. Devoted entirely to the subject of SMC, the book covers a diversity of topics-from SMC architecture and contractility to differentiation and gene expression in development. It also examines the proliferation and replication of SMC and its role in pharmacology and vascular disease. A must for cell, developmental, and molecular biologists, this book also will appeal to cardiologists, pathologists, and biomedical researchers interested in smooth muscle cells. Presents a molecular, genetic, and developmental perspective of the vas smooth muscle cell Overview sections highlight key points of chapters, including the clinical relevance of the research and expectations for future study Appeals to both the basic biologist and to the biomedical researcher of vascular disease

The Endothelium

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Author : Michel Félétou
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2011

The Endothelium written by Michel Félétou and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Science categories.

The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References

Regulation Of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function

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Author : Raouf A. Khalil
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2010

Regulation Of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function written by Raouf A. Khalil and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Medical categories.

Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) constitutes most of the tunica media in blood vessels and plays an important role in the control of vascular tone. Ca2+ is a major regulator of VSM contraction and is strictly regulated by an intricate system of Ca2+ mobilization and Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms. The interaction of a physiological agonist with its plasma membrane receptor stimulates the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and increases the generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 stimulates Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Agonists also stimulate Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space via voltage-gated, receptor-operated, and store-operated channels. Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms tend to decrease the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by activating Ca2+ extrusion via the plasmalemmal Ca2+ pump and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and the uptake of excess Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and possibly the mitochondria. A threshold increase in [Ca2+]i activates Ca2+-dependent myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, stimulates actin-myosin interaction, and initiates VSM contraction. The agonist-induced maintained increase in DAG also activates specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, which in turn cause phosphorylation of cytoplasmic substrates that increase the contractile myofilaments force sensitivity to Ca2+ and thereby enhance VSM contraction. Agonists could also activate Rho kinase (ROCK), leading to inhibition of MLC phosphatase and further enhancement of the myofilaments force sensitivity to Ca2+. The combined increases in [Ca2+]i, PKC and ROCK activity cause significant vasoconstriction and could also stimulate VSM hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The protracted and progressive activation of these processes could lead to pathological vascular remodeling and vascular disease.

Vascular Smooth Muscle Metabolic Ionic And Contractile Mechanisms

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Author : M.F. III Crass
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2012-12-02

Vascular Smooth Muscle Metabolic Ionic And Contractile Mechanisms written by M.F. III Crass and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Medical categories.

Vascular Smooth Muscle: Metabolic, Ionic, and Contractile Mechanisms addresses the vascular smooth muscle function by describing plasma lipoprotein structure, synthesis, and transport in relation to the concepts of altered vascular smooth muscle lipid metabolism leading to the genesis of atherosclerotic disease. This book is organized into six chapters and begins with an introduction to the complexities of energy metabolism and how metabolic events can be correlated with a simultaneous quantitative assessment of smooth muscle mechanics and the contractile machinery at the molecular level. The next two chapters offer the reader a view of smooth muscle membrane properties in terms of the distribution, transport, and metabolic control of electrolytes and specific aspects of ion conductance and electrical activity. This text also explains how smooth muscle cells regulate their contractile activity through regulation of calcium ion fluxes and the interaction, at the molecular level, of calcium ions with regulatory proteins associated with the contractile apparatus. Reference is made to the relation of possible anomalies in cellular or subcellular smooth muscle metabolic and/or ionic events to the bases of certain types of vascular disease. A chapter that examines the events leading to vascular pathology in the form of atherogenesis concludes the book. This book is intended for researchers and clinicians engaged in the study of smooth muscle and related areas.