Analysis Of Performance And Emissions Of A Naturally Aspirated Stationary Di Diesel Engine With Exhaust Gas Recirculation
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Analysis Of Performance And Emissions Of A Naturally Aspirated Stationary Di Diesel Engine With Exhaust Gas Recirculation
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Author : Anant Krishna Bhat
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Analysis Of Performance And Emissions Of A Naturally Aspirated Stationary Di Diesel Engine With Exhaust Gas Recirculation written by Anant Krishna Bhat and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
India, being second largely populated country in the world and 70% of its population depends on agriculture as their main job. Stationary CI engines find wide applications in agricultural area for pumping water, power generation and other crop processing works. Even though emission regulations for such engine applications do not come under stringent norms, their contribution cannot be overlooked. NOx(Oxides of Nitrogen) is considered as one of the most objectionable pollutant from diesel engine. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), has long been of interest to engine designers, researchers, and regulating authorities in abating NOx. Implementation of EGR for naturally aspirated stationary diesel engines are relatively simple and a study of the application of high level EGR on such an engine is carried to study its impact on the other performance parameters. The results of this investigation give insight into the effect of EGR level on the development of gaseous emissions as well as mechanisms of its formation. Reductions in NOx amount are found to be remarkable with EGR but combustion quality deteriorates at higher loads and higher percentages of EGR due to a significant decrease of A/F ratio. EGR up to 60% is found optimum with 190 bar injection pressure without sacrificing thermal efficiency and increase in unburned HC significantly.
Combustion Emissions And Performance Optimization In A Di Pfi Rcci Diesel Natural Gas Turbocharged Engine
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Combustion Emissions And Performance Optimization In A Di Pfi Rcci Diesel Natural Gas Turbocharged Engine written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Abstract : Diesel-NG fuel blends are increasingly being used in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) applications due to high Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), low NOx and PM emissions. But it also has a few disadvantages such as high HC and CO emission and relatively low Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT). This leads to find out the optimum tradeoff between emissions to meet the regulation and also investigate the cost of operation and find out the minimum liquid consumption (fuel + urea) in RCCI mode. A Cost Function (CF) including Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and Brake Specific Urea Consumption (BSUC) is considered and minimized in this study. This optimization helped to investigate the optimum input parameters between 3 to 12 bar IMEP at 1500 RPM engine speed. This study has been done while all the population in optimization process meet the Tier 3 Bin 20 emission regulations. To increase the number of data points in this optimization, a mathematical (numerical) model is developed to predict (or assess) the Diesel-NG RCCI data. Single fuel diesel only mode is also considered in this optimization, since high BTE of RCCI is limited to medium and high load operating conditions and due to the high HC and low EGT, RCCI may not be an ideal combustion mode at low loads. Parametric models have been developed and validated using experimental data on a light duty 1.9L inline 4 cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine as a function of independent input variables including, first and second Start of Injection (SOI1 and SOI2), Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP), lambda, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Blending Ratio (BR), and validated using RCCI experimental data. In these models, selected emissions - including HC, CO, PM and NOx-, Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) and BSFC were computed using correlations as functions of independent input variables. The computed EGT were then used to estimate the Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) and Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) efficiencies to assess the emission data for different input variables by considering after-treatment system to see if they meet the tailpipe emission regulation. Running the engine with this calibrated input parameters not only meet the Tier 3 Bin 20 EPA standard, but also minimized the cost of operation in RCCI mode within 3 to 12 bar IMEP engine load at 1500 RPM engine speed.
Experimental And Computational Investigation Of Dual Fuel Diesel Natural Gas Rcci Combustion In A Heavy Duty Diesel Engine
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Experimental And Computational Investigation Of Dual Fuel Diesel Natural Gas Rcci Combustion In A Heavy Duty Diesel Engine written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Abstract : Among the various alternative fuels, natural gas is considered as a leading candidate for heavy-duty applications due to its availability and applicability in conventional internal combustion diesel engines. Compared to their diesel counterparts natural gas fueled spark-ignited engines have a lower power density, reduced low-end torque capability, limited altitude performance, and ammonia emissions downstream of the three-way catalyst. The dual fuel diesel/natural gas engine does not suffer with the performance limitations of the spark-ignited concept due to the flexibility of switching between different fueling modes. Considerable research has already been conducted to understand the combustion behavior of dual fuel diesel/natural gas engines. As reported by most researchers, the major difficulty with dual fuel operation is the challenge of providing high levels of natural gas substitution, especially at low and medium loads. In this study extensive experimental and simulation studies were conducted to understand the combustion behavior of a heavy-duty diesel engine when operated with compressed natural gas (CNG) in a dual fuel regime. In one of the experimental studies, conducted on a 13 liter heavy-duty six cylinder diesel engine with a compression ratio of 16.7:1, it was found that at part loads high levels of CNG substitution could be achieved along with very low NOx and PM emissions by applying reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion. When compared to the diesel-only baseline, a 75% reduction in both NOx and PM emissions was observed at a 5 bar BMEP load point along with comparable fuel consumption values. Further experimental studies conducted on the 13 liter heavy-duty six cylinder diesel engine have shown that RCCI combustion targeting low NOx emissions becomes progressively difficult to control as the load is increased at a given speed or the speed is reduced at a given load. To overcome these challenges a number of simulation studies were conducted to quantify the in-cylinder conditions that are needed at high loads and low to medium engine speeds to effectively control low NOx RCCI combustion. A number of design parameters were analyzed in this study including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, CNG substitution, injection strategy, fuel injection pressure, fuel spray angle and compression ratio. The study revealed that lowering the compression ratio was very effective in controlling low NOx RCCI combustion. By lowering the base compression ratio by 4 points, to 12.7:1, a low NOx RCCI combustion was achieved at both 12 bar and 20 bar BMEP load points. The NOx emissions were reduced by 75% at 12 bar BMEP while fuel consumption was improved by 5.5%. For the 20 BMEP case, a 2% improvement in fuel consumption was achieved with an 87.5% reduction in NOx emissions. At both load points low PM emissions were observed with RCCI combustion. A low NOx RCCI combustion system has multiple advantages over other combustion approaches, these include; significantly lower NOx and PM emission which allows a reduction in aftertreatment cost and packaging requirements along with application of higher CNG substitution rates resulting in reduced CO2 emissions.
Energy Conversion And Resources
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Energy Conversion And Resources written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Combustion categories.
Biokerosene
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Author : Martin Kaltschmitt
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-08-09
Biokerosene written by Martin Kaltschmitt and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-09 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book provides a detailed overview of aspects related to the overall provision chain for biokerosene as part of the global civil aviation business. Starting with a review of the current market situation for aviation fuels and airplanes and their demands, it then presents in-depth descriptions of classical and especially new types of non-edible biomass feedstock suitable for biokerosene provision. Subsequent chapters discuss those fuel provision processes that are already available and those still under development based on various biomass feedstock materials, and present e.g. an overview of the current state of the art in the production of a liquid biomass-based fuel fulfilling the specifications for kerosene. Further, given the growing interest of the aviation industry and airlines in biofuels for aviation, the experiences of an air-carrier are presented. In closing, the book provides a market outlook for biokerosene. Addressing a broad range of aspects related to the pros and cons of biokerosene as a renewable fuel for aviation, the book offers a unique resource.
Chemical Abstracts
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Chemical Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Chemistry categories.
Ultra Low Emissions 12 Liter Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engine Development
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Author : Gas Technology Institute
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Ultra Low Emissions 12 Liter Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engine Development written by Gas Technology Institute and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Natural gas categories.
Performance And Emissions Characteristics Of A Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine With Vegetable Oil Fuels
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Author : N. J. Barsic
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1981
Performance And Emissions Characteristics Of A Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine With Vegetable Oil Fuels written by N. J. Barsic and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981 with Diesel motor categories.
Performance Efficiency And Emissions Characterization Of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Fueled With Hydrogen
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Performance Efficiency And Emissions Characterization Of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Fueled With Hydrogen written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Hydrogen is an attractive fuel source not only because it is abundant and renewable but also because it produces almost zero regulated emissions. Internal combustion engines fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG) are operated throughout a variety of industries in a number of mobile and stationary applications. While CNG engines offer many advantages over conventional gasoline and diesel combustion engines, CNG engine performance can be substantially improved in the lean operating region. Lean operation has a number of benefits, the most notable of which is reduced emissions. However, the extremely low flame propagation velocities of CNG greatly restrict the lean operating limits of CNG engines. Hydrogen, however, has a high flame speed and a wide operating limit that extends into the lean region. The addition of hydrogen to a CNG engine makes it a viable and economical method to significantly extend the lean operating limit and thereby improve performance and reduce emissions. Drawbacks of hydrogen as a fuel source, however, include lower power density due to a lower heating value per unit volume as compared to CNG, and susceptibility to pre-ignition and engine knock due to wide flammability limits and low minimum ignition energy. Combining hydrogen with CNG, however, overcomes the drawbacks inherent in each fuel type. Objectives of the current study were to evaluate the feasibility of using blends of hydrogen and natural gas as a fuel for conventional natural gas engines. The experiment and data analysis included evaluation of engine performance, efficiency, and emissions along with detailed in-cylinder measurements of key physical parameters. This provided a detailed knowledge base of the impact of using hydrogen/natural gas blends. A four-stroke, 4.2 L, V-6 naturally aspirated natural gas engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer was used to measure the impact of hydrogen/natural gas blends on performance, thermodynamic efficiency and exhaust gas emissions in a reciprocating four stroke cycle engine. The test matrix varied engine load and air-to-fuel ratio at throttle openings of 50% and 100% at equivalence ratios of 1.00 and 0.90 for hydrogen percentages of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume. In addition, tests were performed at 100% throttle opening, with an equivalence ratio of 0.98 and a hydrogen blend of 20% to further investigate CO emission variations. Data analysis indicated that the use of hydrogen/natural gas fuel blend penalizes the engine operation with a 1.5 to 2.0% decrease in torque, but provided up to a 36% reduction in CO, a 30% reduction in NOX, and a 5% increase in brake thermal efficiency. These results concur with previous results published in the open literature. Further reduction in emissions can be obtained by retarding the ignition timing.
Selective Nox Recirculation For Stationary Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines
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Author : Nigel N. Clark
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Selective Nox Recirculation For Stationary Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines written by Nigel N. Clark and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) generated by internal combustion (IC) engines are implicated in adverse environmental and health effects. Even though lean-burn natural gas engines have traditionally emitted lower oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions compared to their diesel counterparts, natural gas engines are being further challenged to reduce NOx emissions to 0.1 g/bhp-hr. The Selective NOx Recirculation (SNR) approach for NOx reduction involves cooling the engine exhaust gas and then adsorbing the NOx from the exhaust stream, followed by the periodic desorption of NOx. By sending the desorbed NOx back into the intake and through the engine, a percentage of the NOx can be decomposed during the combustion process. SNR technology has the support of the Department of Energy (DOE), under the Advanced Reciprocating Engine Systems (ARES) program to reduce NOx emissions to under 0.1 g/bhp-hr from stationary natural gas engines by 2010. The NO decomposition phenomenon was studied using two Cummins L10G natural gas fueled spark-ignited (SI) engines in three experimental campaigns. It was observed that the air/fuel ratio ({lambda}), injected NO quantity, added exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) percentage, and engine operating points affected NOx decomposition rates within the engine. Chemical kinetic model predictions using the software package CHEMKIN were performed to relate the experimental data with established rate and equilibrium models. The model was used to predict NO decomposition during lean-burn, stoichiometric burn, and slightly rich-burn cases with added EGR. NOx decomposition rates were estimated from the model to be from 35 to 42% for the lean-burn cases and from 50 to 70% for the rich-burn cases. The modeling results provided an insight as to how to maximize NOx decomposition rates for the experimental engine. Results from this experiment along with chemical kinetic modeling solutions prompted the investigation of rich-burn operating conditions, with added EGR to prevent preignition. It was observed that the relative air/fuel ratio, injected NO quantity, added EGR fraction, and engine operating points affected the NO decomposition rates. While operating under these modified conditions, the highest NO decomposition rate of 92% was observed. In-cylinder pressure data gathered during the experiments showed minimum deviation from peak pressure as a result of NO injections into the engine. A NOx adsorption system, from Sorbent Technologies, Inc., was integrated with the Cummins engine, comprised a NOx adsorbent chamber, heat exchanger, demister, and a hot air blower. Data were gathered to show the possibility of NOx adsorption from the engine exhaust, and desorption of NOx from the sorbent material. In order to quantify the NOx adsorption/desorption characteristics of the sorbent material, a benchtop adsorption system was constructed. The temperature of this apparatus was controlled while data were gathered on the characteristics of the sorbent material for development of a system model. A simplified linear driving force model was developed to predict NOx adsorption into the sorbent material as cooled exhaust passed over fresh sorbent material. A mass heat transfer analysis was conducted to analyze the possibility of using hot exhaust gas for the desorption process. It was found in the adsorption studies, and through literature review, that NO adsorption was poor when the carrier gas was nitrogen, but that NO in the presence of oxygen was adsorbed at levels exceeding 1% by mass of the sorbent. From the three experimental campaigns, chemical kinetic modeling analysis, and the scaled benchtop NOx adsorption system, an overall SNR system model was developed. An economic analysis was completed, and showed that the system was impractical in cost for small engines, but that economies of scale favored the technology.