At The Doors Of Lexical Access The Importance Of The First 250 Milliseconds In Reading
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At The Doors Of Lexical Access The Importance Of The First 250 Milliseconds In Reading
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Author : Jon Andoni Dunabeitia
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2014-09-30
At The Doors Of Lexical Access The Importance Of The First 250 Milliseconds In Reading written by Jon Andoni Dunabeitia and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-30 with Psychology categories.
Correct word identification and processing is a prerequisite for accurate reading, and decades of psycholinguistic and neuroscientific research have shown that the magical moments of visual word recognition are short-lived and markedly fast. The time window in which a given letter string passes from being a mere sequence of printed curves and strokes to acquiring the word status takes around one third of a second. In a few hundred milliseconds, a skilled reader recognizes an isolated word and carries out a number of underlying processes, such as the encoding of letter position and letter identity, and lexico-semantic information retrieval. However, the precise manner (and order) in which these processes occur (or co-occur) is a matter of contention subject to empirical research. There’s no agreement regarding the precise timing of some of the essential processes that guide visual word processing, such as precise letter identification, letter position assignment or sub-word unit processing (bigrams, trigrams, syllables, morphemes), among others. Which is the sequence of processes that lead to lexical access? How do these and other processes interact with each other during the early moments of word processing? Do these processes occur in a serial fashion or do they take place in parallel? Are these processes subject to mutual interaction principles? Is feedback allowed for within the earliest stages of word identification? And ultimately, when does the reader’s brain effectively identify a given word? A vast number of questions remain open, and this Research Topic will cover some of them, giving the readership the opportunity to understand how the scientific community faces the problem of modeling the early stages of word identification according to the latest neuroscientific findings. The present Research Topic aimed to combine recent experimental evidence on early word processing from different techniques together with comprehensive reviews of the current work directions, in order to create a landmark forum in which experts in the field defined the state of the art and future directions. We were willing to receive submissions of empirical as well as theoretical and review articles based on different computational and neuroscience-oriented methodologies. We especially encouraged researchers primarily using electrophysiological or magnetoencephalographic techniques as well as eye-tracking to participate, given that these techniques provide us with the opportunity to uncover the mysteries of lexical access allowing for a fine-grained time-course analysis. The main focus of interest concerned the processes that are held within the initial 250-300 milliseconds after word presentation, covering areas that link basic visuo-attentional systems with linguistic mechanisms.
Bottom Up And Top Down Processes In Reading
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Author : Michael Dambacher
language : en
Publisher: Universitätsverlag Potsdam
Release Date : 2010
Bottom Up And Top Down Processes In Reading written by Michael Dambacher and has been published by Universitätsverlag Potsdam this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
In reading, word frequency is commonly regarded as the major bottom-up determinant for the speed of lexical access. Moreover, language processing depends on top-down information, such as the predictability of a word from a previous context. Yet, however, the exact role of top-down predictions in visual word recognition is poorly understood: They may rapidly affect lexical processes, or alternatively, influence only late post-lexical stages. To add evidence about the nature of top-down processes and their relation to bottom-up information in the timeline of word recognition, we examined influences of frequency and predictability on event-related potentials (ERPs) in several sentence reading studies. The results were related to eye movements from natural reading as well as to models of word recognition. As a first and major finding, interactions of frequency and predictability on ERP amplitudes consistently revealed top-down influences on lexical levels of word processing (Chapters 2 and 4). Second, frequency and predictability mediated relations between N400 amplitudes and fixation durations, pointing to their sensitivity to a common stage of word recognition; further, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a result providing evidence for ongoing processing beyond a fixation (Chapter 3). Third, influences of presentation rate on ERP frequency and predictability effects demonstrated that the time available for word processing critically co-determines the course of bottom-up and top-down influences (Chapter 4). Fourth, at a near-normal reading speed, an early predictability effect suggested the rapid comparison of top-down hypotheses with the actual visual input (Chapter 5). The present results are compatible with interactive models of word recognition assuming that early lexical processes depend on the concerted impact of bottom-up and top-down information. We offered a framework that reconciles the findings on a timeline of word recognition taking into account influences of frequency, predictability, and presentation rate (Chapter 4).
The Oxford Handbook Of Eye Movements
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Author : Simon Liversedge
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2011-08-18
The Oxford Handbook Of Eye Movements written by Simon Liversedge and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-18 with Psychology categories.
In the past few years, there has been an explosion of eye movement research in cognitive science and neuroscience. This has been due to the availability of 'off the shelf' eye trackers, along with software to allow the easy acquisition and analysis of eye movement data. Accompanying this has been a realisation that eye movement data can be informative about many different aspects of perceptual and cognitive processing. Eye movements have been used to examine the visual and cognitive processes underpinning a much broader range of human activities, including, language production, dialogue, human computer interaction, driving behaviour, sporting performance, and emotional states. Finally, in the past thirty years, there have been real advances in our understanding of the neural processes that underpin eye movement behaviour. The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements provides the first comprehensive review of the entire field of eye movement research. In over fifty chapters, it reviews the developments that have so far taken place, the areas actively being researched, and looks at how the field is likely to devlop in the coming years. The first section considers historical and background material, before moving onto section 2 on the neural basis of eye movements. The third and fourth sections looks at visual cognition and eye movements and eye movement pathology and development. The final sections consider eye movements and reading and language processing and eye movements. Bringing together cutting edge research from and international team of leading psychologists, neuroscientists, and vision researchers, this book is the definitive reference work in this field.
Masked Priming
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Author : Sachiko Kinoshita
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2004-06-02
Masked Priming written by Sachiko Kinoshita and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-06-02 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book showcases the advantages of masked priming as an alternative to more standard methods of studying language.
Understanding Reading
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Author : Frank Smith
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2004-05-20
Understanding Reading written by Frank Smith and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-05-20 with Education categories.
Understanding Reading revolutionized reading research and theory when the first edition appeared in 1971 and continues to be a leader in the field. In the sixth edition of this classic text, Smith's purpose remains the same: to shed light on fundamental aspects of the complex human act of reading--linguistic, physiological, psychological, and social--and on what is involved in learning to read. The text critically examines current theories, instructional practices, and controversies, covering a wide range of disciplines but always remaining accessible to students and classroom teachers. Careful attention is given to the ideological clash that continues between whole language and direct instruction and currently permeates every aspect of theory and research into reading and reading instruction. To aid readers in making up their own minds, each chapter concludes with a brief statement of "Issues." Understanding Reading: A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Reading and Learning to Read, Sixth Edition is designed to serve as a handbook for language arts teachers, a college text for basic courses on the psychology of reading, a guide to relevant research on reading, and an introduction to reading as an aspect of thinking and learning. It is matchless in integrating a wide range of topics relative to reading while, at the same time, being highly readable and user-friendly for instructors, students, and practitioners.
Handbook Of Bilingualism
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Author : Judith F. Kroll
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2009
Handbook Of Bilingualism written by Judith F. Kroll and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
How is language acquired when infants are exposed to multiple language input from birth and when adults are required to learn a second language after early childhood? How do adult bilinguals comprehend and produce words and sentences when their two languages are potentially always active and in competition with one another? What are the neural mechanisms that underlie proficient bilingualism? What are the general consequences of bilingualism for cognition and for language and thought? This handbook will be essential reading for cognitive psychologists, linguists, applied linguists, and educators who wish to better understand the cognitive basis of bilingualism and the logic of experimental and formal approaches to language science.
The Psychology Of Language
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Author : Trevor A. Harley
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2013-12-16
The Psychology Of Language written by Trevor A. Harley and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-16 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This thorough revision and update of the popular second edition contains everything the student needs to know about the psychology of language: how we understand, produce, and store language.
Dyslexia From Theory To Intervention
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Author : Torleiv Høien
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-14
Dyslexia From Theory To Intervention written by Torleiv Høien and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-14 with Education categories.
Dyslexia research has been proceeding by quantum leaps. Great advances have been made in the past few years, and while many unanswered questions remain, we nonetheless do know a great deal about the causes and nature of the condition, and how teachers should treat it. This book, by two of Europe's leading experts, gathers together a vast amount of recent international research on the causes and remediation of dyslexia, and presents a cognitive model of the normal reading process and a process-analytic diagnostic model. Much of this material appears in English for the first time.
Psycholinguistics
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Author : John Field
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2004
Psycholinguistics written by John Field and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This volume offers over 170 entries covering the key areas of psycholinguistics - psychological processes, first language acquisition, the nature of language, brain and language, and language disorders - and thus provides a resource for students of English language, linguistics and psychology.
Eye Movements And Visual Cognition
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Author : Keith Rayner
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Eye Movements And Visual Cognition written by Keith Rayner and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Psychology categories.
Edited by a leading scholar in the field, Eye Movements and Visual Cognitionpresents an up-to-date overview of the topics relevant to understanding the relationship between eye movements and visual cognition, particularly in relation to scene perception and reading. Cognitive psychologists, neuropsychologists, educational psychologists, and reading specialists will find this volume to be an authoritative source of state-of-the art research in this rapidly expanding area of study.