Binary Quadratic Forms
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Binary Quadratic Forms
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Author : Duncan A. Buell
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Binary Quadratic Forms written by Duncan A. Buell and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Mathematics categories.
The first coherent exposition of the theory of binary quadratic forms was given by Gauss in the Disqnisitiones Arithmeticae. During the nine teenth century, as the theory of ideals and the rudiments of algebraic number theory were developed, it became clear that this theory of bi nary quadratic forms, so elementary and computationally explicit, was indeed just a special case of a much more elega,nt and abstract theory which, unfortunately, is not computationally explicit. In recent years the original theory has been laid aside. Gauss's proofs, which involved brute force computations that can be done in what is essentially a two dimensional vector space, have been dropped in favor of n-dimensional arguments which prove the general theorems of algebraic number the ory. In consequence, this elegant, yet pleasantly simple, theory has been neglected even as some of its results have become extremely useful in certain computations. I find this neglect unfortunate, because binary quadraticforms have two distinct attractions. First, the subject involves explicit computa tion and many of the computer programs can be quite simple. The use of computers in experimenting with examples is both meaningful and enjoyable; one can actually discover interesting results by com puting examples, noticing patterns in the "data," and then proving that the patterns result from the conclusion of some provable theorem.
Binary Quadratic Forms
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Author : Duncan A. Buell
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1989-08-25
Binary Quadratic Forms written by Duncan A. Buell and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-08-25 with Mathematics categories.
The first coherent exposition of the theory of binary quadratic forms was given by Gauss in the Disqnisitiones Arithmeticae. During the nine teenth century, as the theory of ideals and the rudiments of algebraic number theory were developed, it became clear that this theory of bi nary quadratic forms, so elementary and computationally explicit, was indeed just a special case of a much more elega,nt and abstract theory which, unfortunately, is not computationally explicit. In recent years the original theory has been laid aside. Gauss's proofs, which involved brute force computations that can be done in what is essentially a two dimensional vector space, have been dropped in favor of n-dimensional arguments which prove the general theorems of algebraic number the ory. In consequence, this elegant, yet pleasantly simple, theory has been neglected even as some of its results have become extremely useful in certain computations. I find this neglect unfortunate, because binary quadratic forms have two distinct attractions. First, the subject involves explicit computa tion and many of the computer programs can be quite simple. The use of computers in experimenting with examples is both meaningful and enjoyable; one can actually discover interesting results by com puting examples, noticing patterns in the "data," and then proving that the patterns result from the conclusion of some provable theorem.
The Class Number Of Binary Quadratic Forms
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Author : George Hoffman Cresse
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1923
The Class Number Of Binary Quadratic Forms written by George Hoffman Cresse and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1923 with categories.
Rational Quadratic Forms
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Author : J. W. S. Cassels
language : en
Publisher: Dover Publications
Release Date : 2013-12-23
Rational Quadratic Forms written by J. W. S. Cassels and has been published by Dover Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-23 with categories.
Exploration of quadratic forms over rational numbers and rational integers offers elementary introduction. Covers quadratic forms over local fields, forms with integral coefficients, reduction theory for definite forms, more. 1968 edition.
Binary Quadratic Forms
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Author : Johannes Buchmann
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-06-22
Binary Quadratic Forms written by Johannes Buchmann and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06-22 with Mathematics categories.
This book deals with algorithmic problems concerning binary quadratic forms 2 2 f(X,Y)= aX +bXY +cY with integer coe?cients a, b, c, the mathem- ical theories that permit the solution of these problems, and applications to cryptography. A considerable part of the theory is developed for forms with real coe?cients and it is shown that forms with integer coe?cients appear in a natural way. Much of the progress of number theory has been stimulated by the study of concrete computational problems. Deep theories were developed from the classic time of Euler and Gauss onwards to this day that made the solutions ofmanyof theseproblemspossible.Algorithmicsolutionsandtheirproperties became an object of study in their own right. Thisbookintertwinestheexpositionofoneveryclassicalstrandofnumber theory with the presentation and analysis of algorithms both classical and modern which solve its motivating problems. This algorithmic approach will lead the reader, we hope, not only to an understanding of theory and solution methods, but also to an appreciation of the e?ciency with which solutions can be reached. The computer age has led to a marked advancement of algorithmic - search. On the one hand, computers make it feasible to solve very hard pr- lems such as the solution of Pell equations with large coe?cients. On the other, the application of number theory in public-key cryptography increased the urgency for establishing the complexity of several computational pr- lems: many a computer system stays only secure as long as these problems remain intractable.
Primes Of The Form X2 Ny2
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Author : David A. Cox
language : en
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
Release Date : 1989-09-28
Primes Of The Form X2 Ny2 written by David A. Cox and has been published by Wiley-Interscience this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-09-28 with Mathematics categories.
Modern number theory began with the work of Euler and Gauss to understand and extend the many unsolved questions left behind by Fermat. In the course of their investigations, they uncovered new phenomena in need of explanation, which over time led to the discovery of field theory and its intimate connection with complex multiplication. While most texts concentrate on only the elementary or advanced aspects of this story, Primes of the Form x2 + ny2 begins with Fermat and explains how his work ultimately gave birth to quadratic reciprocity and the genus theory of quadratic forms. Further, the book shows how the results of Euler and Gauss can be fully understood only in the context of class field theory. Finally, in order to bring class field theory down to earth, the book explores some of the magnificent formulas of complex multiplication. The central theme of the book is the story of which primes p can be expressed in the form x2 + ny2. An incomplete answer is given using quadratic forms. A better though abstract answer comes from class field theory, and finally, a concrete answer is provided by complex multiplication. Along the way, the reader is introduced to some wonderful number theory. Numerous exercises and examples are included. The book is written to be enjoyed by readers with modest mathematical backgrounds. Chapter 1 uses basic number theory and abstract algebra, while chapters 2 and 3 require Galois theory and complex analysis, respectively.
The Algebraic And Geometric Theory Of Quadratic Forms
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Author : Richard S. Elman
language : en
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
Release Date : 2008-07-15
The Algebraic And Geometric Theory Of Quadratic Forms written by Richard S. Elman and has been published by American Mathematical Soc. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-07-15 with Mathematics categories.
This book is a comprehensive study of the algebraic theory of quadratic forms, from classical theory to recent developments, including results and proofs that have never been published. The book is written from the viewpoint of algebraic geometry and includes the theory of quadratic forms over fields of characteristic two, with proofs that are characteristic independent whenever possible. For some results both classical and geometric proofs are given. Part I includes classical algebraic theory of quadratic and bilinear forms and answers many questions that have been raised in the early stages of the development of the theory. Assuming only a basic course in algebraic geometry, Part II presents the necessary additional topics from algebraic geometry including the theory of Chow groups, Chow motives, and Steenrod operations. These topics are used in Part III to develop a modern geometric theory of quadratic forms.
The Sensual Quadratic Form
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Author : John Horton Conway
language : en
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
Release Date : 1997-12-31
The Sensual Quadratic Form written by John Horton Conway and has been published by American Mathematical Soc. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-12-31 with Mathematics categories.
John Horton Conway's unique approach to quadratic forms was the subject of the Hedrick Lectures that he gave in August of 1991 at the Joint Meetings of the Mathematical Association of America and the American Mathematical Society in Orono, Maine. This book presents the substance of those lectures. The book should not be thought of as a serious textbook on the theory of quadratic forms. It consists rather of a number of essays on particular aspects of quadratic forms that have interested the author. The lectures are self-contained and will be accessible to the generally informed reader who has no particular background in quadratic form theory. The minor exceptions should not interrupt the flow of ideas. The afterthoughts to the lectures contain discussion of related matters that occasionally presuppose greater knowledge.
Algebraic Theory Of Quadratic Numbers
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Author : Mak Trifković
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-09-14
Algebraic Theory Of Quadratic Numbers written by Mak Trifković and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-09-14 with Mathematics categories.
By focusing on quadratic numbers, this advanced undergraduate or master’s level textbook on algebraic number theory is accessible even to students who have yet to learn Galois theory. The techniques of elementary arithmetic, ring theory and linear algebra are shown working together to prove important theorems, such as the unique factorization of ideals and the finiteness of the ideal class group. The book concludes with two topics particular to quadratic fields: continued fractions and quadratic forms. The treatment of quadratic forms is somewhat more advanced than usual, with an emphasis on their connection with ideal classes and a discussion of Bhargava cubes. The numerous exercises in the text offer the reader hands-on computational experience with elements and ideals in quadratic number fields. The reader is also asked to fill in the details of proofs and develop extra topics, like the theory of orders. Prerequisites include elementary number theory and a basic familiarity with ring theory.