Cd4 T Cell Differentiation In Infection Amendments To The Th1 Th2 Axiom

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Cd4 T Cell Differentiation In Infection Amendments To The Th1 Th2 Axiom

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Author : Dragana Jankovic
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-06-03

Cd4 T Cell Differentiation In Infection Amendments To The Th1 Th2 Axiom written by Dragana Jankovic and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-03 with Immunologic diseases categories.

CD4+ T lymphocytes play an essential role in host defense against bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. During infection, under the influence of intrinsic signals received through peptide-MHC/TCR interactions and extrinsic signals provided by pathogen-conditioned dendritic and other accessory cells, CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into specialized T helper (Th) effectors, which produce distinct sets of cytokines tailored to combat a specific class of microbes. The concept of CD4+ T cell multi-functionality was developed after the seminal discovery of Th1 and Th2 cells nearly 30 years ago. Although the Th1/Th2 paradigm has successfully withstood the test of time, in the past decade additional Th subsets (Th17, Tfh, Th22, Th9) have been identified. Similarly, single cell analyses of cytokines and master transcriptional factors have revealed that, at the population level, CD4+ T cell responses are far more heterogeneous than initially anticipated. While some of the checkpoints in Th cell specification have been identified, recent studies of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation have uncovered a significant flexibility during the course CD4+ T lymphocyte polarization. In addition, Th cells expressing cytokines with counteracting functions, as a measure of self-regulation, display yet another level of diversity. Understanding the mechanisms that control the balance between stability vs. plasticity of Th effectors both at the time of initiation of immune response and during development of CD4 T cell memory is critical for the rational design of better vaccines and new immunotherapeutic strategies. This research topic will cover current views on Th cell development, with a focus on the mechanisms that govern differentiation, function and regulation of effector Th cells in the context of microbial infections.

From Matter To Life

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Author : Sara Imari Walker
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-02-23

From Matter To Life written by Sara Imari Walker and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-23 with Philosophy categories.

This book tackles the most difficult and profound open questions about life and its origins from an information-based perspective.

Inflammatory Disorders Part B

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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2020-02-21

Inflammatory Disorders Part B written by and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-21 with Science categories.

Inflammatory Disorders - Part B, Volume 120 explores inflammation in the immune system and how the body's own cells or tissues may cause abnormal inflammation, thus resulting in chronic pain, redness, swelling, stiffness, and damage to normal tissues. Chapters in this updated volume include Proteins in monogenic autoinflammatory disorders, Virulence factors and their roles in periodontal disease pathogenesis, Role of Heat shock proteins in Inflammatory disorder Rheumatoid Arthritis, Novel targeted therapies for Crohn's disease: Recent progress and future perspectives, Dietary plant flavonoids in prevention of obesity and diabetes, Small RNAs in allergic diseases, Inflammation and inflammasome during ageing and age-related diseases, and more. - Integrates methods for studying inflammatory disorders, mechanisms that trigger these disorders, and strategies for managing inflammatory disorders - Contains timely chapters written by well-renowned authorities in their field - Provides a number of high-quality illustrations, figures and tables - Targets a very wide audience of specialists, researchers and students

Who Global Air Quality Guidelines

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Author : Weltgesundheitsorganisation
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2021-09-07

Who Global Air Quality Guidelines written by Weltgesundheitsorganisation and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-07 with Nature categories.

The main objective of these updated global guidelines is to offer health-based air quality guideline levels, expressed as long-term or short-term concentrations for six key air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. In addition, the guidelines provide interim targets to guide reduction efforts of these pollutants, as well as good practice statements for the management of certain types of PM (i.e., black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, particles originating from sand and duststorms). These guidelines are not legally binding standards; however, they provide WHO Member States with an evidence-informed tool, which they can use to inform legislation and policy. Ultimately, the goal of these guidelines is to help reduce levels of air pollutants in order to decrease the enormous health burden resulting from the exposure to air pollution worldwide.

The Science And Applications Of Synthetic And Systems Biology

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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2011-12-30

The Science And Applications Of Synthetic And Systems Biology written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12-30 with Science categories.

Many potential applications of synthetic and systems biology are relevant to the challenges associated with the detection, surveillance, and responses to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. On March 14 and 15, 2011, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop in Washington, DC, to explore the current state of the science of synthetic biology, including its dependency on systems biology; discussed the different approaches that scientists are taking to engineer, or reengineer, biological systems; and discussed how the tools and approaches of synthetic and systems biology were being applied to mitigate the risks associated with emerging infectious diseases. The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology is organized into sections as a topic-by-topic distillation of the presentations and discussions that took place at the workshop. Its purpose is to present information from relevant experience, to delineate a range of pivotal issues and their respective challenges, and to offer differing perspectives on the topic as discussed and described by the workshop participants. This report also includes a collection of individually authored papers and commentary.

Microrna Profiling

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Author : Sweta Rani
language : en
Publisher: Humana
Release Date : 2023-12-13

Microrna Profiling written by Sweta Rani and has been published by Humana this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-13 with Science categories.

This second edition provides updated and comprehensive methods on miRNA biogenesis and their role in the development and progression of various human diseases. Chapters detail miRNA biogenesis, isolating RNA, extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating miRNAs, analyzing miRNA and miRDeep-P2, protocols for total RNA isolation from cells, cell-derived products, isolation and characterization of exosomes, serum, plasma specimens, and software tools. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, MicroRNA Profiling: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to provide comprehensive and accessible methods to undergraduate, graduate, and established scientist.

Th1 And Th2 Cells In Health And Disease

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Author : S. Romagnani
language : en
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
Release Date : 1996

Th1 And Th2 Cells In Health And Disease written by S. Romagnani and has been published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Medical categories.

Th1 and Th2 cells, representing extremely polarized modalities of the specific effector immune response, play an important role in both protection against exogenous insults and the induction of several immunopathological reactions. This book provides an authoritative update on the developments in this fast-moving field from both basic and clinical perspectives. In 12 detailed chapters, leading immunologists highlight the physiological meaning of Th1 and Th2 cells, their functional properties and surface markers, the mechanisms responsible for their development, as well as their roles in protection against bacteria, protozoans, fungi, viruses and helminths. Also discussed are the roles of Th1 and Th2 cells in some immunopathological conditions, such as autoimmune and neurological disorders, allergy and HIV infection. By combining for the first time complete information on basic mechanisms together with the clinical implications of Th1/Th2-dominated immune responses, this book will be appreciated by a broad spectrum of readers, including immunobiologists and clinicians from many medical fields.

Cd4 Positive T Lymphocytes Advances In Research And Application 2011 Edition

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Author :
language : en
Publisher: ScholarlyEditions
Release Date : 2012-01-09

Cd4 Positive T Lymphocytes Advances In Research And Application 2011 Edition written by and has been published by ScholarlyEditions this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-09 with Medical categories.

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes in a compact format. The editors have built CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Differentiation Tissue Adaptation And Function Of Memory T Cells

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Author : Weiguo Cui
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2020-06-16

Differentiation Tissue Adaptation And Function Of Memory T Cells written by Weiguo Cui and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-16 with categories.

Upon antigen encounter, naïve T cells differentiate into (i) effectors that combat infected or malignant cells, and at later time points, into (ii) memory cells that provide long-lasting immunity. This differentiation process allows some T cells to leave the confines of secondary lymphoid organs and to enter peripheral tissues in search of pathogens or tumor cells. These different environments pose specific challenges for effector and memory T cells to maintain homeostasis. T cells directed into the lungs are likely to encounter higher levels of oxygen, but lower amounts of nutrients than those directed into the intestinal epithelium. In addition to oxygen tension and nutrient concentrations, other key factors, such as the commensal flora and stromal components, create unique conditions that require tissue-specific adaptations of T cells. These steady state conditions can dramatically change during infection when inflammatory mediators and T cell growth factors are released, requiring the immediate response of T cells. The gradual changes imposed by growing tumors can also be challenging for T cells due to competition with rapidly cycling tumor cells that deplete essential resources of oxygen and glucose. The strategies that T cells employ to respond to the diverse cues from their surroundings are the focus of current research. It appears that next to circulating memory T cells that are confined to the circulation and those that survey all of the peripheral tissues, dedicated populations of resident memory T cells exist that can optimally adapt to the local circumstances within each tissue. Restrictions on the metabolic requirements of T cells residing in tumor tissue have been found to directly impact on effector functions such as cytokine production. The fundamental principles of how the machinery of T cells can translate local cues into tissue-specific differentiation processes are fascinating and warrant further investigation.

Regulation And Functional Significance Of T Cell Subsets

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Author : R. L. Coffman
language : en
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
Release Date : 1992

Regulation And Functional Significance Of T Cell Subsets written by R. L. Coffman and has been published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Medical categories.